The invention discloses a multistage flash evaporation seawater desalination-pressure delay osmotic salinity gradient power generation coupled system and an operation method thereof. The system comprises a brine heater, a multistage flash evaporation heat recovery section, a multistage flash evaporation heat discharge section, a pressure exchanger, a booster pump, a pressure delay osmotic membraneassembly, a water turbine, a natural seawater introducing pump, a cooling seawater discharge pump, a product fresh water extracting pump, a CO2 removal device, a deoxygenization device and a vacuumizing device which are connected with one another. According to the invention, strong brine and seawater discharged by a multistage flash evaporation system are respectively introduced into the absorbing liquid side and the feed liquid side of the pressure delay osmotic membrane assembly for osmotic power generation; the flow ratio of absorbing liquid to the feed liquid is adjusted through a feed liquid flow control valve; a pressure difference between the two sides of the pressure delay osmotic membrane assembly is adjusted through the booster pump; and the ratio of flow at the two sides of thepressure exchanger is adjusted through a flow control valve. The energy utilization efficiency of the whole system can be improved, the salinity of strong brine discharged by the system is reduced, and influence on the ecological environment is reduced.