637 results about "Probability of error" patented technology

A system, method, and computer program to reduce incorrectly declined transactions and improve risk calculation accuracy by reducing error probability during fraud detection. The tool first receives at least one data element as well as transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. Then a customer is determined from a first record associated with the transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. A record search is performed to identify at least one additional record associated with the customer. Finally, the data element is compared to the information contained in the additional record to create a comparison result that verifies a customer address. The comparison result may be used as an input to transaction risk calculations. The comparison result may also be provided to a merchant system and / or merchant for use in a decision-making process, for example, to verify customer identity.

A method and apparatus as disclosed for face detection within images. A new vector, the discriminating feature analysis vector, is introduced to represent an image to be analyzed, from the DFA vector as processed using a Bayesian Classifier technique. The methodology provides a computationally efficient manner in which to detect faces with relatively low probability of error and false detection rate.

Memory cells are programmed and read, at least M=3 data bits per cell, according to a valid nonserial physical bit ordering with reference to a logical bit ordering. The logical bit ordering is chosen to give a more even distribution of error probabilities of the bits, relative to the probability distributions of the data error and the cell state transition error, than would be provided by the physical bit ordering alone. Preferably, both bit orderings have 2M−1 transitions. Preferably, the logical bit ordering is evenly distributed. The translation between the bit orderings is done by software or hardware.

To improve the probability of error correction, thereby generating correct read data. Data is read from the same sector by a number of times and a majority decision is done in the same address, thereby the most frequently read value is regarded as the true data value in the address. For example, for an address 00, “00” is handled as a true data value.

Methods and apparatus for designing spherical lattice codebooks for use in data transmission systems are provided. A spherical lattice codebook is constructed by determining the channel statistics of one or more channels, which can be accomplished by observing a sufficiently large set of channel realizations. After determining the channel statistics, an expression for the error probability of the decoder or expressions for bounds on the error probability and expressions for the corresponding gradients are determined. The gradient is then used in an optimization technique to produce a spherical lattice codebook which is subsequently used for transmission.

DNA is sequenced by (a) independently sequencing first and second strands of a dsDNA to obtain corresponding first and second sequences; and (b) combining the first and second sequences to generate a consensus sequence of the dsDNA. By independently sequencing first and second strands the error probability of the consensus sequence approximates a multiplication of those of the first and second sequences.

Methods and apparatus for designing spherical lattice codebooks for use in data transmission systems are provided. A spherical lattice codebook is constructed by determining the channel statistics of one or more channels, which can be accomplished by observing a sufficiently large set of channel realizations. After determining the channel statistics, an expression for the error probability of the decoder or expressions for bounds on the error probability and expressions for the corresponding gradients are determined. The gradient is then used in an optimization technique to produce a spherical lattice codebook which is subsequently used for transmission.

There is provided an efficient, fast image processing apparatus with low error probability for rapidly scrutinizing a digitized video image frame and processing said image frame to detect and characterize features of interest while ignoring other features of said image frame. There is further provided an efficient fast image processing method with low error probability for rapidly scrutinizing a digitized video image frame and processing said image frame to detect and characterize features of interest while ignoring other features of said image frame. In a first embodiment of the invention an image processing apparatus comprises an imaging device coupled to a digital electronic image processor. Video data from the imaging device is linked to a location data source. Objects of interest in a scene are identified by comparing computed Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSERs) of captured images with MSERs of images of objects contained in a object template database.

The invention discloses a method and a system for deploying a cloud host computer. The method comprises the following steps of: establishing a virtual machine object according to a virtual machine establishing request of a user; modifying the attribute of the virtual machine object; converting the virtual machine object into a template data file; copying the template data file and creating a preset amount of pre-manufactured virtual machines; and receiving addresses and public key setting of the pre-manufactured virtual machines and enabling one of the pre-manufactured virtual machines. The method and the system for deploying the cloud host computer have the advantages of overcoming the disadvantages that the current cloud host deployment entirely depends on manual operation, production rate is low and maintenance cost is high, solving the problem of high error probability of the manual deployment of the cloud machine, and meeting the requirements of quickly deploying the cloud host machine and acquiring enough computing power.

In MIMO wireless communications employing LMMSE receiver, the symbols transmitted through a transmit antenna are estimated at the receiver in the presence of interference consisting of two main components: one due to the additive noise and the other due to (interfering) symbols transmitted via the remaining antennas. This has been shown to hamper the performance of a communication system resulting in incorrect symbol decisions, particularly at low SNR. IMMSE has been devised as a solution to cope with this problem; In IMMSE processing, the symbols sent via each transmit antenna are decoded iteratively. In each stage of processing, the received signal is updated by removing the contribution of symbols detected in the previous iterations. In principle, this reduces the additive interference in which the desired symbols are embedded in. Therefore, the interference level should reduce monotonically as one goes down in processing order. In a noisy environment, however, any incorrect decision made on a symbol in an iteration leaves its contribution in the updated received signal available for processing in the following iterations. Fortunately, if the level of interference is estimated and the soft bits are scaled appropriately by the estimated interference power, the performance of IMMSE receiver can be greatly improved. Preferred embodiments estimate the interference by computing the probability of error in decoding the symbols of the previous stage(s). The computation of decision error probability depends on the constellation size of transmitted symbols and introduces very little processing overhead.

Methods and apparatus are provided for sequential authentication of a user that employ one or more error rates characterizing each security challenge. According to one aspect of the invention, a user is challenged with at least one knowledge challenge to obtain an intermediate authentication result; and the user challenges continue until a cumulative authentication result satisfies one or more criteria. The intermediate authentication result is based, for example, on one or more of false accept and false reject error probabilities for each knowledge challenge. A false accept error probability describes a probability of a different user answering the knowledge challenge correctly. A false reject error probability describes a probability of a genuine user not answering the knowledge challenge correctly. The false accept and false reject error probabilities can be adapted based on field data or known information about a given challenge.

A quantum key distribution method according to the present invention includes an error probability estimation step of estimating error probabilities of transmission data and the received data, an error correcting step of correcting errors in the received data based on error correcting information, a matching determination step of determining whether the transmission data and the received data after correcting errors match, and an information amount estimating step of estimating an amount of information leaked to an adversary through a quantum communication path, and further compresses data based on the amount of information made public in a process of processing via a public communication path and an estimated value of the amount of information leaked to the adversary through the quantum communication path to make the data after compression a cryptographic key shaped by devices.

OCR errors are identified and corrected through learning. An error probability estimator is trained using ground truths to learn error probability estimation. Multiple OCR engines process a text image, and convert it into texts. The error probability estimator compares the outcomes of the multiple OCR engines for mismatches, and determines an error probability for each of the mismatches. If the error probability of a mismatch exceeds an error probability threshold, a suspect is generated and grouped together with similar suspects in a cluster. A question for the cluster is generated and rendered to a human operator for answering. The answer from the human operator is then applied to all suspects in the cluster to correct OCR errors in the resulting text. The answer is also used to further train the error probability estimator.

An apparatus for assigning transmission symbols to a media data stream of information symbols is described, the media data stream including a first substream for representing a media content in a basic quality and a second substream including additional data for representing the media content, along with the first substream, in an improved quality. The apparatus includes a first means for assigning first transmission symbols to the information symbols of the first substream and a second means for assigning second transmission symbols to the information symbols of the second substream, the first transmission symbols being transmissible, via a transmission channel, with reduced error probability as compared to the second transmission symbols.

An apparatus for assigning transmission symbols to a media data stream of information symbols is described, the media data stream including a first substream for representing media content in a basic quality and a second substream including additional data for representing the media content, along with the first substream, in an improved quality. The apparatus includes a first assigner for assigning first transmission symbols to the information symbols of the first substream and a second assigner for assigning second transmission symbols to the information symbols of the second substream, the first transmission symbols being transmissible, via a transmission channel, with reduced error probability as compared to the second transmission symbols.

A system, method, and computer program to reduce incorrectly declined transactions and improve risk calculation accuracy by reducing error probability during fraud detection. The tool first receives at least one data element as well as transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. Then a customer is determined from a first record associated with the transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. A record search is performed to identify at least one additional record associated with the customer. Finally, the data element is compared to the information contained in the additional record to create a comparison result that verifies a customer address. The comparison result may be used as an input to transaction risk calculations. The comparison result may also be provided to a merchant system and / or merchant for use in a decision-making process, for example, to verify customer identity.

The automatic system makes it possible to reduce the probability of error when identifying the vehicle of an offender, increases the length of a speed limit monitoring zone to several hundreds / thousands of meters, and makes it possible to cut expenditure on the construction and maintenance of gantries for the installation of speed limit monitoring devices. A method for the combined processing of signals from a radar and a panoramic video camera is proposed, in which data flows from the video camera and the radar are independently obtained, after which they are compared and data about the speed and coordinates are obtained with little probability of error in identifying the vehicle of an offender. The device for realizing the method comprises a radar with a signal processing module to calculate the speed and distance of all vehicles on a chosen section of road, and a panoramic video camera.

Disclosed is a novel system and method for indicating a probability of errors in multimedia content. The system determines a user state or possible user distraction level. The user distraction level is indicated in the multimedia content. In one example, work is monitored being performed on the multimedia content. Distractions are identified while the work is being monitored. A probability of errors is calculated in at least one location of the multimedia content by on the distractions that have been identified. Annotations are used to indicate of the probability of errors. In another example, the calculating of probability includes using a function F(U,S,P) based on a combination of: i) a determination of user state (U), ii) a determination of sensitivity (S) of user input, and iii) a determination of user characteristics stored in a profile (P).

Methods and apparatus are provided for sequential authentication of a user that employ one or mole error rates characterizing each security challenge. According to one aspect of the invention, a user is challenged with at least one knowledge challenge to obtain an intermediate authentication result; and the user challenges continue until a cumulative authentication result satisfies one or more criteria. The intermediate authentication result is based, for example, on one or more of false accept and false reject error probabilities for each knowledge challenge. A false accept error probability describes a probability of a different user answering the knowledge challenge correctly. A false reject error probability describes a probability of a genuine user not answering the knowledge challenge correctly. The false accept and false reject error probabilities can be adapted based on field data or known information about a given challenge.

The invention discloses a long window scaling factor-based playback voice attack detection algorithm which is developed for solving a problem that rights and interests of a legitimate are damaged when conventional attackers use playback voice to enter a speaker identification system. The detection algorithm can be used for effectively identifying playback voice from different sources and is high in detection accuracy; after a module of the detection algorithm is loaded to a GMM-UBM system, playback voice attack resistant capability is improved, error probability of the identification system and the like is lowered by 32%, and a safety problem of the identification system is greatly alleviated.

The invention relates to a steering engine tester and a testing method thereof, which belong to the technical field of guided bombs. The tester comprises a control cabinet and a simulation load table, wherein the control cabinet comprises a steering engine controller, a regulated power supply, an industrial control computer, a display, a keyboard and a main power supply switch; the simulation load table comprises a photoelectric encoder, a torque sensor and a magnetic powder brake; a steering engine shaft of a steering engine to be tested is mechanically connected with a rotating shaft of the photoelectric encoder through a shaft coupling; the steering engine to be tested is in digital signal communication with the steering engine controller through a data line; and steering engine testing software is installed in the industrial control computer. The tester provided by the invention has the advantages of more plentiful testing contents, more complete testing equipment, more intelligent testing software, prompting of operating information on a software interface, shielding of keys which are required to be operated, change of parameter input items according to selected testing items, information prompt for improper operation, and great reduction in the probability of error operation.

The invention discloses an intraoperative navigation method and system for assisting in surgery. The method comprises the steps of preoperative scanning, establishment of a three-dimensional model, fixation of a first coordinate system reference mark and a second coordinate system reference mark, scanning through a structured light scanner, rough registration, refined registration and completion of the navigation process through a controller and a displayer. Due to the rough registration process, the process of refined registration between a three-dimensional image and a pre-registered region is very short, and registration preparation time before start of surgical navigation can be greatly shortened. Moreover, since two three-dimensional spaces are utilized for refined registration, the probability of errors is extremely low, and the accuracy and reliability of registration between a sick body and the three-dimensional model can be improved apparently; accordingly, the quality of the surgery is improved, and the success rate of the surgery is increased.

A method and system for wear balancing in a flash memory device using bit error probability is disclosed. The flash memory device includes blocks with different life spans, leading potentially to one block wearing out before the other. In order to avoid this, a controller is configured to determine a bit error probability of a block and determine, based on the bit error probability, whether to select the block for storage of data. A method and system for selecting a block in a flash memory device based on the type of data is disclosed. The type of data may comprise flash management data (which may be used to manage the flash memory device) and host data. An indication of age associated with the block (such as bit error probability) is analyzed in order to determine whether to store the data in the block based on the type of data.

A class of soft-input soft-output demodulation schemes for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, based on the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) framework under both stochastic and deterministic settings. The stochastic SMC sampler generates MIMO symbol samples based on importance sampling and resampling techniques, while the deterministic SMC approach recursively performs exploration and selection steps in a greedy manner. By exploiting the artificial sequential structure of the existing simple Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) detection method based on nulling and cancellation, the proposed algorithms achieve an error probability performance that is orders of magnitude better than the traditional BLAST detection schemes while maintaining a low computational complexity. Performance is comparable with that of the sphere decoding algorithm, with a much lower complexity. Both the stochastic and deterministic SMC detectors can be employed as the first-stage demodulator in an iterative or turbo receiver in coded MIMO systems.

A system, method, and computer program to reduce incorrectly declined transactions and improve risk calculation accuracy by reducing error probability during fraud detection. The tool first receives at least one postal address as well as transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. Then a customer is determined from a first customer record associated with the transaction account data and / or financial transaction instrument data. A record search is performed to identify at least one additional customer record associated with the customer. Finally, the postal address is compared to the information contained in the additional record to create a comparison result that verifies the submitted postal address. The comparison result may be used as an input to transaction risk calculations. The comparison result may also be provided to a merchant system and / or merchant for use in a decision-making process, for example, to verify customer identity.