The invention relates to a method and a device for the ultrasonic and nondestructive detection of the elasticity of a viscoelastic medium, which belong to the technical field of nondestructive measurements. The method comprises the following steps of: using an ultrasonic probe to produce low-frequency vibration on a medium to be detected, emitting ultrasonic
waves to the medium to be detected and acquiring an ultrasonic
signal returned from the medium to be detected; selecting an ultrasonic
signal range for calculating the elasticity of the medium to be detected; using the selected ultrasonic
signal to calculate the transmission speed of an elastic wave produced by the low-frequency vibration in the medium and further calculating the medium elasticity according to the obtained transmission speed of the elastic wave. The device comprises an ultrasonic
wave energy converter contact, a vibrator fixing the ultrasonic
wave energy converter contact and a control device. In the method and device, motion compensation of the ultrasonic probe is not required, so that calculation time is shortened; meanwhile, position detection is carry out without a
position sensor, so that the
system complexity and cost are lowered.