A processing device and method for precisely controlling the wall thickness error of rotary shell parts, belonging to the field of precision / ultra-precision processing, including a main controller, a precision detection device for workpiece run-out, a precision adjustment device for workpiece position, a precision detection device for the height of a tool tip, and a tool tip High precision adjustment device and auxiliary structure. Among them, the workpiece runout precision detection device is used to precisely detect the runout of parts; the workpiece position precision adjustment device is used to realize accurate and fast alignment of the workpiece; the tool tip height precision detection device includes a tool tip height detection controller, a tool tip height detection sensor, etc. , used for precision checking of the height of the knife tip; the precision adjustment device for the height of the knife tip includes a micro-nano motion controller, a knife holder base, a dovetail guide rail, an upper and lower knife holder block, a micro-nano lifting platform, etc., to realize the micro-nano height of the knife tip Adjustments for precision. The invention has a simple device and a simple method, can realize the processing requirements of high contour accuracy and high wall thickness error of rotary parts, and is easy to realize automation.