The invention discloses a transport network topological structure safety analytical method. The method comprises the steps of firstly, using a node, an apparatus, a circuit, an optical cable, an optical path, a sub-circuit and a sub-optical cable to describe the topological structure of the transport network; then using a graph theory model to express the topological structure of the transport network; and finally using a graph theory to perform structure safety analysis including structure index analysis, optical path route analysis, component failure analysis and/or standby route analysis on the topological structure. The invention also discloses a system for realizing the method. The system is capable of storing, calling and displaying the original data, generated intermediate data and the result data in the analytical processes of the method in real time. The invention can also enhance data normality and accuracy managements, quicken fault location and maintenance efficiency, enhance network risk identification and control, and vividly display network multimedia information so as to improve the accuracy extent and working efficiency of safety management of the transport network topological structure.