The invention relates to a slide block control system of a hydraulic machine. The slide block control system comprises a lower cavity safety module, an upper cavity safety module, a lower cavity pump source module, an upper cavity pump source module and a liquid filling valve constant pressure oil supply module, wherein an inlet of a medium-low flow rate pump of the liquid filling valve constant pressure oil supply module is communicated with an oil tank, an outlet of the medium-low flow rate pump is connected with an inlet of a third one-way valve, an outlet of the third one-way valve is connected with an energy accumulator, the bottom of the oil tank is downwards communicated with an upper cavity of a main cylinder through a liquid filling valve, a liquid control opening of the liquid filling valve is connected with an outlet of the third one-way valve through an electromagnetic reversing valve, an inlet of an upper cavity gear pump is connected with the bottom of the oil tank, an outlet of the upper cavity gear pump is connected with an upper cavity oil pipe of the main cylinder through the upper cavity safety module, an inlet of a lower cavity gear pump is connected with the bottom of the oil tank, and an outlet of the lower cavity gear pump is connected with a lower cavity oil pipe of the main cylinder through the lower cavity safety module. The gear pump can realize the flow direction change, the flow rate can be obtained through the calculation via the discharge capacity of the lower cavity gear pump and the rotating speed of a servo motor, the slide block fast descending or return speed can be accurately calculated, the motor does not rotate in the idling state, the noise is low, and the energy is saved.