The invention discloses an efficient and accurate round steel automatic sizing system, and relates to the technical field of metal bar sizing. The method comprises the specific steps that first, machine vision distance measurement is conducted, and the length of a steel bar is measured by adopting a machine vision system; second, automatic sizing is carried out, algorithm compiling operation is designed in a C language programming environment, and the requirements for the qualification rate and the yield of sizing of a steel ball blank are met; and third, system control is performed, the related production technologies and processes include length measurement, material turning, calculation and cutting, and press breaking and alignment, and the round steel automatic sizing system is composed of a PLC unit (1), a machine vision detection unit (2), a display unit (3), a calculation unit (4), a power supply system, a production workshop logistics scheme, matters needing attention and the like. By optimizing the steel bar length measurement and steel bar automatic sizing control system, the sizing precision is high, the sizing is stable, calibration is simple, installation, debugging, operation and maintenance are easy, the operation cost is low, cutting is accurate, the sizing rate and the yield are increased, and the rejection rate is lowered.