The invention discloses a high-precision position detection device and a high-precision position detection method and belongs to the field of optical detection. The device comprises a short coherent light source, a collimating lens, a polarizer, a 1/2 wave plate, an optical splitter, a holophote a coupling lens, an end reflection fiber beam splitter, a focusing lens, a polarization analyzer, a sensor, two 1/4 wave plates and a multifocal lens; and the parts form a reference light path and a measurement light path. The optical path difference of different branches in the reference light path is fixed and different; and if assuming a test range is L and the reference light path comprises n branches, in order to test the optical surface space in the length of L, a movable lens is only required to move a distance of L/n, and the positions of different optical surfaces in the L range of a tested system can be accurately known by analyzing the position of the movable lens and the central position of interference fringe. The detection device has the advantages of wide detection range, small moving range of the movable lens, simple structure and high measuring accuracy.