The invention discloses a control system for a water-cooled wall climbing robot. The control system comprises a control module, a mapping and obstacle avoidance module, a driving module and a function module, wherein the mapping and obstacle avoidance module and the driving module are in signal connection with the control module, and the function module is in signal connection with the control module. The control module comprises a main control module, a remote control module, a lower computer and a standby controller, wherein the remote control module and the lower computer are in signal connection with the main control module, and the standby controller is in signal connection with the remote control module. The standby controller is in signal connection with the main control module. The function module comprises a cleaning module, a polishing module, a thickness measuring module, a welding module and an OR detection module. According to the invention, the robot is controlled to crawl on the wall surface and has the functions of rolling brush cleaning, wall surface polishing, wall surface spraying and water-cooled wall tube thickness measurement when the robot is firm, and the situation in the furnace is observed through video in real time, so that the furnace maintenance work is simpler, safer and more intelligent and can be backtracked and checked.