The present invention provides methods of treating
anemia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof an effective amount of
formoterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,
formoterol fumarate or arformoterol
tartrate). The
formoterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., formoterol fumarate or arformoterol
tartrate) may be administered conjointly with an
erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, optionally wherein the
anemia is
refractory to the
erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. The present invention further provides methods of promoting differentiation of an erythroid
progenitor cell toward a mature
red blood cell in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of formoterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., formoterol fumarate or arformoterol
tartrate). The formoterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., formoterol fumarate or arformoterol tartrate) may be administered conjointly with other FDA- approved drugs such as luspatercept,
lenalidomide,
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), including but not limited to epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa, and / or a hypomethylating agent, such as
azacitidine and / or
decitabine.