3586results about "Ohmic-resistance heating details" patented technology

An electrically heated smoking system includes a shell and a replaceable mouthpiece. The shell includes an electric power supply and electric circuitry. The mouthpiece includes a liquid storage portion and a capillary wick having a first end and a second end. The first end of the wick extends into the liquid storage portion for contact with liquid therein. The mouthpiece also includes a heating element for heating the second end of the capillary wick, an air outlet, and an aerosol forming chamber between the second end of the capillary wick and the air outlet. When the shell and mouthpiece are engaged or connected, the heating element is in electrical connection with the power supply via the circuitry, and a flowpath for air is defined from at least one air inlet to the air outlet via the aerosol forming chamber. In use, liquid is transferred from the liquid storage portion towards the heating element by capillary action in the wick. Liquid at the second end of the capillary wick is vaporized by the heating element. The supersaturated vapor created, is mixed and carried in the air flow from the at least one air inlet to the aerosol forming chamber. In the aerosol forming chamber, the vapor condenses to form an aerosol, which is carried towards the air outlet.

A nonlinear model-based predictive temperature control system is described for use in thermal process reactors. A multivariable temperature response is predicted using a nonlinear parameterized model of a thermal process reactor. The nonlinear parameterized model is implemented using a neural network. Predictions are made in an auto-regressive moving average fashion with a receding prediction horizon. Model predictions are incorporated into a control law for estimating the optimum future control strategy. The high-speed, predictive nature of the controller renders it advantageous in multivariable rapid thermal processing reactors where fast response and high temperature uniformity are needed.

A substrate heat treatment apparatus includes a heat-treating plate having a flat upper surface, support devices formed of a heat-resistant resin for contacting and supporting a substrate, a seal device disposed annularly for rendering gastight a space formed between the substrate and heat-treating plate, and exhaust bores for exhausting gas from the space. The support devices are formed of resin, and the upper surface of the heat-treating plate is made flat, whereby a reduced difference in the rate of heat transfer occurs between contact parts and non-contact parts on the surface of the substrate. Consequently, the substrate is heat-treated effectively while suppressing variations in heat history over the surface of the substrate.

An apparatus for heating a substrate of a semiconductor device includes a hot plate, on which a semiconductor substrate is placed, and a heater for heating the hot plate. The hot plate is preferably a composite plate including a plurality of plates having different thermal conductivities from each other. For example, a first plate adjacent to the heater can be made of aluminum, which has a relatively high thermal conductivity. A second plate, laminated on top of the first plate, can be made of titanium or stainless steel, which both have a thermal conductivity lower than aluminum. A composite hot plate as disclosed herein is better able to maintain a constant temperature and a uniform temperature distribution in order to more uniformly heat a substrate and to reduce an amount of energy required for the heating process. In addition, the reliability and productivity of the semiconductor device manufactured by the apparatus can be improved.

The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices. The aerosol delivery devices include mechanisms configured to deliver an aerosol precursor composition from a reservoir to an atomizer including a vaporization heating element to produce a vapor. For example, a bubble jet head may be configured to dispense the aerosol precursor composition to the atomizer. The bubble jet head may be fixedly coupled to the atomizer. The bubble jet head may include a precursor inlet, an ejection heating element, and a precursor nozzle. The atomizer may include a vaporization heating element.

A heater system may include an alternating current supply and an electrical conductor. Alternating current may be applied to one or more electrical conductors at a frequency between about 100 Hz and about 1000 Hz. The electrical conductors may be located in a formation. The electrical conductors may resistively heat upon application of the alternating electrical current. At least one of the electrical conductors may include an electrically resistive ferromagnetic material. The electrical conductor may provide a reduced amount of heat above or near a selected temperature. Heat may transfer from the electrical conductor to a part of formation.

A microheater and a microheater array are provided. The microheater includes a substrate, a column disposed on the substrate and a bridge supported by the column. A width of a portion of a bridge formed on the column is less than a width of a portion of the bridge that does not contact the column. The bridge may include a spring component.

Certain embodiments provide a heater. The heater includes a ferromagnetic member. The heater also includes an electrical conductor electrically coupled to the ferromagnetic member. The electrical conductor is configured to conduct a majority of time-varying electrical current passing through the heater at about 25° C. The heater is configured to provide a first heat output below the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic member. The heater is configured to automatically provide a second heat output approximately at and above the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic member. The second heat output is reduced compared to the first heat output.

A nonlinear model-based predictive temperature control system is described for use in thermal process reactors. A multivariable temperature response is predicted using a nonlinear parameterized model of a thermal process reactor. The nonlinear parameterized model is implemented using a neural network. Predictions are made in an auto-regressive moving average fashion with a receding prediction horizon. Model predictions are incorporated into a control law for estimating the optimum future control strategy. The high-speed, predictive nature of the controller renders it advantageous in multivariable rapid thermal processing reactors where fast response and high temperature uniformity are needed.

A substrate heat treatment apparatus includes a heat-treating plate having a flat upper surface, support devices formed of a heat-resistant resin for contacting and supporting a substrate, a seal device disposed annularly for rendering gastight a space formed between the substrate and heat-treating plate, and exhaust bores for exhausting gas from the space. The support devices are formed of resin, and the upper surface of the heat-treating plate is made flat, whereby a reduced difference in the rate of heat transfer occurs between contact parts and non-contact parts on the surface of the substrate. Consequently, the substrate is heat-treated effectively while suppressing variations in heat history over the surface of the substrate.

The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices. The aerosol delivery devices include mechanisms configured to deliver an aerosol precursor composition from a reservoir to an atomizer including a heating element to produce a vapor. An actuator may displace a rod to dispense the aerosol precursor composition to the atomizer. Thereby, the rod may move a piston in a pump housing to dispense the aerosol precursor composition. The atomizer may define a chamber in which the heating element is positioned and at which the aerosol precursor composition is vaporized.

Certain embodiments provide a system including a heater. The heater includes one or more electrical conductors. The heater is configured to generate a heat output during application of electrical current to the heater. The heater includes a ferromagnetic material. A conduit at least partially surrounds the heater. A fluid is located in a space between the heater and the conduit. The fluid has a higher thermal conductivity than air at standard temperature and pressure (STP) (0° C. and 101.325 kPa). The system is configured to provide (a) a first heat output below a selected temperature when time-varying electrical current is applied to the heater, and (b) a second heat output near or above the selected temperature when time-varying electrical current is applied to the heater.

A temperature and flow rate controlled capillary aerosol generator includes two heating zones optionally separated by a region in which a pressure drop is induced. Power is metered or applied to the downstream, second zone to achieve a target resistance, and therefore a target temperature, while power is metered or applied to the upstream, first zone to achieve a target mass flow rate exiting the second zone. A target temperature is achieved in the second zone to generate an aerosol from the liquid flowing through the generator at the desired mass flow rate.

Certain embodiments provide a method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation. The method includes applying electrical current to one or more electrical conductors located in an opening in the formation to provide an electrically resistive heat output. The heat is allowed to transfer from the electrical conductors to a part of the formation containing hydrocarbons so that a viscosity of fluids in the part and at or near the opening in the formation is reduced. Gas is provided at one or more locations in the opening such that the fluids are lifted in the opening towards the surface of the formation. The fluids are produced through the opening.

The present invention provides a composite heating element suitable for heating an article when activated by a power source. The composite heating element comprises first and second dielectric layers each having an inner surface and an outer surface. The composite heating element further comprises a conductive layer formed from at least one conductive ink composition comprising a plastisol component and a conductive component. The conductive layer is disposed between the inner surfaces of the first and second dielectric layers and defines a circuit. The composite heating element further comprises an adhesive layer coupled at least one of the outer surfaces of the first and second dielectric layers opposite the conductive layer.

The present invention relates to a sheet-shaped heat and light source. The sheet-shaped heat and light source includes a carbon nanotube layer and at least two electrodes. The at least two electrodes are separately disposed on the carbon nanotube layer and electrically connected thereto. Moreover, a method for making the sheet-shaped heat and light source and a method for heating an object adopting the same are also included.

A composite structure includes a matrix material and a carbon nanotube (CNT)-infused fiber material that includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) infused to a fiber material. The CNT-infused fiber material is disposed throughout a portion of the matrix material. The composite structure is adapted for application of a current through the CNT-infused fiber material to provide heating of the composite structure. A heating element includes a CNT-infused fiber material includes a plurality of CNTs infused to a fiber material. The CNT-infused fiber material is of sufficient proportions to provide heating to a structure in need thereof.

The invention provides an electronic cigarette and a control method thereof. The electronic cigarette comprises a heating wire assembly, a power source and a controller. The heating wire assembly is used for generating heat and comprises heating wires, wherein the resistance value of the heating wires changes along with the changes of temperatures. The power source is used for providing voltages for the heating wire assembly. The controller is electrically connected with the heating wire assembly and the power source and used for controlling the power source to output the voltages. The controller comprises a temperature detecting module which is used for detecting the resistance value of the heating wires to obtain the real-time temperature of the heating wire assembly, an upper limit heating temperature and a lower limit heating temperature are set in the temperature detecting module, the controller controls the power source to output a first voltage when the real-time temperature is smaller than or equal to the lower limit heating temperature and controls the power source to output a second voltage when the real-time temperature is larger than or equal to the upper limit heating temperature, the second voltage is smaller than the first voltage, and the controller controls the power source to keep outputting the current voltage when the real-time temperature is larger than the lower limit heating temperature and smaller than the upper limit heating temperature. The electronic cigarette and the control method thereof can ensure the taste consistency of the smoke of all times and save electric quantity.

Methods and systems for controlling and adjusting heat distribution over a part bed are disclosed. In one embodiment, a technique for providing a calibrated heat distribution over a part bed includes determining the temperature distribution within a part bed, generating a zone heat distribution for a plurality of heat zones from the temperature distribution, analyzing the zone heat distribution to create an adjustment command to calibrate a heater for providing a substantially consistent temperature distribution within the part bed, and adjusting the heater based on the adjustment command.

A non-combustion smoking tool is usable with a commercial cigarette or cigar as it is, the tool vaporizes nicotine from the tobacco leaves and enables inhalation of the vaporized nicotine without burning the product. The non-combustion smoking tool has a heater to be used which includes a coil part and a linear part to be inserted into a commercial cigarette or cigar, wherein the linear part preheats the tobacco leaves, and the coil part heats air around the coil part so that, when a smoker inhales, the heated air around the coil part passes through the tobacco leaves so as to vaporize nicotine contained in the tobacco leaves and enable inhalation of the vaporized nicotine.

A device for generating a condensation aerosol includes vaporization chamber having an upstream first inlet and a downstream outlet. A tube supplies liquid to a heater in the vaporization chamber. The liquid is pumped out of the tube and onto the heater, which vaporizes the liquid. Air flows from inlets through the vaporization chamber, and generally perpendicular to the tube. The vaporized liquid is entrained in the air, forming a condensation aerosol having a particle size in a selected range. A second inlet provides a substantially laminar flow of air into the airflow path, wherein the second inlet is downstream of the heater; and the device capable of changing air flow in the vaporization chamber to change the particle size of the condensation aerosol and / or to change the amount of visible vapor emitted from the device.

A method and device for removing ice from overhead conductors of a bundle of conductors or preventing an accumulation of ice on these conductors. The method includes forcing the entire current load of the line in one or a portion of the conductors, the excessive power dissipated in this manner de-ices the conductor by Joule heating. The method is repeated for different conductors of the bundle until they have all been de-iced or for the entire duration of an ice storm. Electric power units are provided on each conductor to control the current circulation as needed, and a command module controls the entire system. Conducting elements are provided at the beginning and at the end of the line to allow a distribution of the current as needed.

A flexible heater and / or electrode comprises a woven textile material having a warp direction and a weft direction, said textile material comprising at least one region having a low electrical conductance and at least two regions having a high electrical conductance. The at least two regions of high electrical conductance are adjacent to said at least one region of low electrical conductance. At least one of said at least two regions of high electrical conductance is operatively connected to a connection terminal of said heater and / or electrode, said connection terminal for connecting said heater and / or electrode to an electronic control circuit.

A method for sintering ceramic materials using a microwave hybrid heating system includes the steps of providing a ceramic member to be sintered, providing a microwave furnace, providing a thermal containment box comprising a material that is virtually transparent to microwave energy, providing at least one susceptor comprising a material that directly couples to microwave energy at room temperature substantially immediately within the thermal containment box, positioning the ceramic member within the thermal containment chamber proximate the susceptor, and irradiating the thermal containment box with microwave energy. The susceptor couples to the microwave energy and generates heat within the thermal containment box and the temperature of the ceramic member increases to the microwave coupling-trigger temperature, at which time the ceramic member couples directly to the microwave energy and is directly sintered by the microwave energy in cooperation with radiant energy from the one susceptor.

A heating element includes a plurality of folded surfaces which can be resistively heating using electrical current. The heating element can advantageously function both as a heating source and a heat transfer device, as the need for separate fins or other heat dissipation members is eliminated. In some embodiments, the heating element can be included in a fluid heating system. The fluid heating system can include a fluid transfer device configured to deliver a volume or ambient air or other fluid through the heating element. As air moves past the heated folded surface of the heating element, it is heated. Heated air can then be discharged to one or more desired locations.