The invention provides a critical solid solution and critical cooling and heating variable-temperature aging and annealing heat treatment method. The critical solid solution and critical cooling and heating variable-temperature aging and annealing heat treatment method comprises a critical solid solution heat treatment process and a critical cooling and heating variable-temperature aging and annealing heat treatment process. According to the scheme, the method has technical feasibility, process adaptability, quality reliability, economic rationality and use safety, the advantages can be effectively adopted, disadvantages of a traditional mainstream heat treatment method of austenitic stainless steel are avoided, the special heat treatment problems of poor quality stability, low qualified rate, low hardness, low mechanical property, poor consistency, poor discoloration and corrosion resistance, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, short service life of high-temperature parts, high cost and the like of austenitic stainless steel heat treatment are solved, the method is particularly suitable for the technical field of hot working engineering such as smelting, steel rolling, forging and heat treatment of austenitic stainless steel involved in steel mills and manufacturers.