The invention discloses an intelligent monitoring device for a civil engineering structure and a use method of the intelligent monitoring device. The use method comprises the following working steps of 1, site selection; 2, equipment installation; 3, air monitoring; and 4, data summarization, and site selection comprises the step of carrying out range limitation on main working areas of constructors and equipment operators according to the actual construction environment and the installation site of the construction equipment. According to the invention, an air quality detector, an air detection sensor, a formaldehyde sensor, a data transmission module, a PM2.5 sensor, a TVOC sensor and a temperature and humidity sensor are arranged, and the air quality detector, the air detection sensor, the formaldehyde sensor, the PM2.5 sensor, the TVOC sensor, the temperature and humidity sensor and the data transmission module are arranged; the air quality in the construction environment is judged, the components in the collected samples are detected, so that the standard of the air weight in the construction environment is judged, and the detection result is uploaded.