320 results about "Blood arterial" patented technology

The invention discloses an intelligent pressure regulation and control method and system for artery compression, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the arterial blood pressure waveform and vascular elasticity parameters of a puncture part of a patient in real time, and the multi-dimensional pressure data of a pressure sensor; constructing an initial pressure parameter set containing a pressure distribution gradient and a vascular response coefficient through a dynamic feature extraction algorithm; carrying out collaborative analysis on the initial pressure parameter set and blood flow characteristic parameters obtained through blood flow monitoring, and generating a regulation and control matrix containing an optimal compression force range and a time decay function; performing multi-target optimization processing on the regulation and control matrix through a parallel optimization algorithm to generate a real-time pressure control instruction set; based on the deviation value of the real-time pressure execution data fed back by the user interface and the blood flow monitoring data, a grading alarm mechanism is triggered, and a compression strategy is automatically corrected. By utilizing the embodiment of the invention, accurate regulation and control of the artery compression process can be realized, and the hemostatic effect is optimized and the medical quality is improved on the premise of ensuring the safety of a patient.

The invention discloses an anesthesia strategy generation system fusing time sequence data and a knowledge graph, and relates to the technical field of medical information processing. The method specifically comprises the steps that five types of vital sign data including arterial blood pressure, electrocardio and electroencephalogram are collected, correction is conducted in combination with traction marks and electrotome interference characteristics, and an analysis result is output; the inference analysis module executes double-track processing based on the analysis value, one track evaluates cortical suppression, shock and ventilation risks and generates a risk report, and the other track performs reverse arbitration when the blood oxygen data is abnormal; constructing a knowledge graph fusing the efficacy nonlinear cooperation equation, the age sensitive parameters and the drug administration sequence influence; and the strategy generation module integrates the multi-source data to generate a drug execution track, and executes fast and slow closed-loop regulation and control based on a risk report and an arbitration result. According to the invention, the adaptation capability of the system to individual differences, the abnormal signal identification and processing capability and the intelligent response level of the anesthesia strategy are improved, and the accuracy and safety of clinical anesthesia are significantly enhanced.

The embodiment of the invention provides a continuous blood oxygen monitoring system in extracorporeal circulation and a control method thereof. The continuous blood oxygen monitoring system comprises a vein sensor, an artery sensor, a blood flow sensor, an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, a controller and a display, the vein sensor monitors the vein blood oxygen saturation degree; the artery sensor monitors arterial oxygen saturation and hematocrit; the blood flow sensor monitors the blood flow of the artery pipeline; the oxygen sensor monitors the oxygen concentration of the oxygenator; the carbon dioxide sensor monitors the carbon dioxide concentration of the oxygenator; the display provides an interaction control, responds to a trigger operation acting on the interaction control, sends an interaction instruction to the controller, and updates information displayed in an interaction interface according to the control of the controller; the controller receives the interaction instruction and executes processing corresponding to the interaction instruction; the processing includes controlling display information of the display; the display information comprises information corresponding to the monitoring parameters. The scheme ensures the safety and effectiveness of the treatment process.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical data processing, and discloses a non-invasive hemodynamic assessment system for coronary artery stenosis degree, comprising an image acquisition module used for acquiring a coronary artery computed tomography angiography image of a patient; the physiological signal acquisition module is used for synchronously acquiring physiological signals of a patient, and the physiological signals comprise electrocardiosignals and non-invasive arterial blood pressure signals; and the data processing module is used for preprocessing and segmenting the coronary artery computed tomography angiography image. Electrocardiogram and non-invasive arterial blood pressure signals are collected through the sensor, risks and complications caused by invasive examination of traditional coronary artery radiography are avoided, the problem that patients unsuitable for invasive examination such as contrast agent allergy and renal insufficiency are difficult to evaluate is solved, the pain of the patients is relieved, and the acceptability of the patients is improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides an artery positioning detection method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: iteratively executing at least one round of the following steps in a process of continuously moving an image collection device at a target part until the integrity degree meets a preset condition: obtaining an image sequence collected by the image collection device in the round, stacking the image sequence into a stacked image, inputting the stacked image into a positioning network, and obtaining an image state output by the positioning network; and taking the last frame of image in the image sequence obtained when the integrity degree meets a preset condition as a target image, detecting the artery blood vessel in the target image, and determining a detection result indicating the health risk of the artery blood vessel. And identifying the image to assist the user in positioning the artery blood vessel, and detecting the artery blood vessel when the integrity degree meets a preset condition.

The invention provides an intelligent diagnosis and treatment method, system and equipment based on individualized blood pressure management, a computer readable storage medium and application thereof, and relates to the field of intelligent medical treatment. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring blood pressure, electroencephalogram signals, cerebral blood flow velocity and arterial blood pressure data of a subject; analyzing based on the electroencephalogram signal and cerebral blood flow velocity data of the subject to obtain a neurovascular coupling index; obtaining an individualized blood pressure range based on the nerve and blood vessel coupling index and the arterial blood pressure data of the subject; whether the blood pressure of the subject is within the individualized blood pressure range or not is judged, and when the blood pressure of the subject is not within the individualized blood pressure range, information prompt for blood pressure control is output. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the blood pressure management is guided by determining the individualized blood pressure range of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease patient, valuable resources are provided for researchers and clinicians in the field of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease diagnosis and treatment, and the method has important scientific research significance and clinical value.

The invention provides a blood pressure measuring method, wearable equipment and a storage medium. The method is applied to the wearable equipment, the wearable equipment comprises a blood pressure measuring device, and the blood pressure measuring device comprises an air bag. In the first time period, the wearable device inflates the air bag and obtains a first pulse wave signal, the air pressure in the air bag is gradually increased along with time in the first time period, and the first pulse wave signal is used for obtaining a first blood pressure measurement value; in a second time period, the wearable device inflates the air bag and obtains a second pulse wave signal, the air pressure in the air bag is kept unchanged or fluctuates in the first range in the second time period, and the second pulse wave signal is used for evaluating the cardiovascular risk; the wearable device outputs a first blood pressure measurement and cardiovascular risk. By means of the method, the wearable device can monitor the cardiovascular disease risk of the user while obtaining the peripheral arterial blood pressure value, and cardiovascular diseases are prevented.

The invention provides an implantable wireless passive blood pressure monitoring device, which relates to the technical field of blood pressure detection and comprises a blood pressure sensor and an in-vitro reading device, the blood pressure sensor comprises an outer inductance coil and an internal interdigital capacitor; the inductance coil is connected with the interdigital capacitor through a cross-layer line to form a capacitance-inductance LC loop; the inductance coil and the interdigital capacitor are packaged in the soft base material silicon rubber; the blood pressure sensor is used for being attached to the outer wall of an artery blood vessel, and the resonant frequency of the blood pressure sensor can change along with compression tensile deformation of the blood vessel; the in-vitro reading device is used for reading the resonant frequency of the blood pressure sensor; wherein the resonant frequency read by the in-vitro reading device is used for calculating a blood pressure value. The implantable wireless passive blood pressure monitoring device provided by the invention is used for providing a blood pressure monitoring mode with high measurement precision and small trauma so as to improve the accuracy and comfort of blood pressure monitoring.

Various example embodiments relate to a solution for determining a continuous arterial blood pressure waveform or the systolic and diastolic blood pressure noninvasively. Photoplethysmography, PPG, signals may be obtained from a PPG sensor. Flux signals may be obtained from a flux sensor. The arterial blood pressure waveform or the systolic and diastolic blood pressure may be determined based at least in part on the PPG signals and the flux signals.

The invention discloses a blood brain barrier water extraction rate imaging method and system based on artery marking and speed selection. By marking spinning of water molecules in artery blood and selectively detecting signals of residual marked blood which does not enter brain tissues in vein blood vessels, quantitative evaluation of blood-brain barrier water permeability is realized. According to the method, the neck artery blood flow is magnetized and overturned by adopting pseudo-continuous artery spin labeling, a speed selection module based on Fourier transform is applied in an acquisition stage to eliminate interference of brain tissue signals, pure vein labeling signals are obtained, and rapid and accurate measurement of water extraction fraction and permeability-surface area volume is realized. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio and robustness are effectively improved by adopting dual suppression pulses of background tissues and blood. The method does not need an exogenous contrast agent, is non-invasive, short in scanning time and accurate and stable in measurement result, and has important clinical application value for early diagnosis of brain diseases and assessment of pathological changes of the blood brain barrier.

The present invention discloses a continuous arterial blood pressure waveform detection system and equipment based on single-channel fingertip PPG, and relates to the field of blood pressure detection devices. The detection system includes several functional modules including a calibration module, a feature input module, a signal processing module and a signal processing module. The system can collect the PPG signal of the subject to be tested and pre-process the collected PPG signal, and then call the pre-established elastic cavity model and Tube-Load model with different population characteristics to form a hybrid model, and input the PPG signal of the subject to the established hybrid model to obtain the real-time continuous blood pressure waveform of the subject. The method and device of the present invention can better overcome the shortcomings of the existing blood pressure detection model, and can realize real-time detection of blood pressure waveform.

The embodiment of the invention discloses an aneurysm rupture risk prediction device, a model training device and a storage medium. The prediction device comprises a first three-dimensional model construction module used for constructing a three-dimensional fluid model and a three-dimensional solid model based on target artery three-dimensional imaging data; the first fluid-solid coupling simulation model building module is used for building a computational fluid dynamics simulation module based on a three-dimensional fluid model, building a static solid analysis simulation module based on a three-dimensional solid model and then building a one-way fluid-solid coupling simulation model; the first index parameter acquisition module is used for taking the blood flow velocity distribution in the target arterial blood vessel in space and time as the input of the fluid-solid coupling simulation model to obtain a hemodynamic index parameter and a solid mechanics index parameter; and the risk prediction module is used for predicting the rupture risk of the aneurysm based on the hemodynamic index parameters and the solid mechanics index parameters. According to the technical scheme, the prediction accuracy of the aneurysm rupture risk can be improved.

The utility model relates to a puncture device for invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring, which comprises an artery puncture part for puncturing the blood vessel of a patient and an angle control part for adjusting the puncture angle of the artery puncture part, the angle control part is provided with a support frame, the support frame is provided with a rotating rod in a penetrating manner, and the rotating rod can rotate along the axis of the rotating rod. One end of the rotating rod is connected with a guide groove capable of synchronously rotating with the rotating rod, the other end of the rotating rod can be structurally matched with a locking assembly arranged on the surface of the supporting frame to lock the rotating rod, and under the condition that the guide groove rotates to a preset angle, a needle cylinder arranged on the artery puncture part can be placed on the inner side of the guide groove; the artery puncture part can puncture the blood vessel of a patient at a preset angle under the guiding effect of the rollers arranged on the inner side wall of the guiding groove on the needle cylinder.

The present disclosure relates to a method of reconstructing an arterial blood pressure (ABP) signal corresponding to the morphological feature of a combination signal of ECG and PPG on the basis of the morphological feature. The method of reconstructing an ABP signal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: generating an ECG-PPG signal by combining ECG and PPG signals corresponding to an ABP signal; generating a plurality of ECG-PPG signals for learning by applying a plurality of noises, which is different in intensity, to the ECG-PPG signal; training a neural network model to receive the ECG-PPG signals for learning and output the ABP signal; and reconstructing an ABP signal of a target user by inputting an ECG-PPG signal of the target user into the neural network model.

A method, a computer-readable medium and a system for reconstruction of a patient-specific central aortic pressure waveform morphology using a non-invasive distal pressure measurement and a non-invasive recording of a distal pressure waveform are disclosed. Measurements of patient's systolic and diastolic pressures as well as patient's heart rate are made at a distal position, for example using the radial artery. The invention makes use of patient-specific demographic and health data, e.g., gender, age and / or current medication. The patient-specific central arterial pressure waveform morphology is calculated using a lumped-parameter multi-compartment model of the Windkessel type. The method does not assume structural rigidity of a transfer relationship, but it assumes an evolutionary law that provides the relationship between distal and proximal pressures. The invention provides values of a central arterial blood pressure and of a proximal flow rate which are useful in diagnosis of an elevated heart pressure or hypertension or both. The method has been validated using clinical trials. The method of the invention reproduced the values obtained using invasive methods from the clinical trials.

The present invention discloses a nursing pressing hemostasis device: comprising a core pressing mechanism, the core pressing mechanism comprising an upper annular frame; side connecting ears are symmetrically provided on both sides of the upper annular frame; and also comprising an adjustable strap, the two ends of the adjustable strap being fixed on the side connecting ears; precise positioning and pressure application: the ingenious design of the upper annular frame, the sliding track and the core functional shell in the core pressing mechanism ensures that the annular outer elastic pressing pad and the inner elastic pressing pad can be precisely aligned with the patient's arterial blood vessels. The stable sliding of the guide block in the long guide groove not only provides precise guidance for the movement of the core functional shell, but also enables the pressing pad to flexibly adjust its position according to actual needs, thereby ensuring precise pressure on the arterial blood vessels, greatly improving the success rate and effect of hemostasis, and effectively reducing hemostasis failure or delay caused by inaccurate pressing position.

The invention discloses an extravascular stent, and relates to the technical field of medical instruments. The extravascular stent comprises a first sleeve joint piece, a second sleeve joint piece and a third sleeve joint piece, the first sleeving piece is suitable for being arranged on the periphery of a vein in a sleeving mode, a plurality of deformation grooves are formed in the first sleeving piece, the area between every two adjacent deformation grooves is hollowed out, and the deformation grooves are used for enabling the first sleeving piece to adapt to the diameter change of the vein; the second sleeving piece is connected with one side of the second end of the first sleeving piece, and the second sleeving piece is suitable for being connected to the periphery of the artery blood vessel on the upstream side in a sleeving mode; the third sleeving piece is connected with the other side of the second end of the first sleeving piece, and the third sleeving piece is suitable for being connected to the periphery of the artery blood vessel on the downstream side in a sleeving mode. According to the extravascular stent provided by the invention, the structural design is improved, the mounting convenience of the extravascular stent is improved, the operation time is shortened, the adaptability of the extravascular stent to the diameter change of a vein is improved, the material cost is saved, and the treatment cost is reduced.

An arterial blood module (16) that is removably connectable to an arterial blood collection element (14) is disclosed. The arterial blood module includes a housing (30), a needle (32), a cap (34) removably securable over the needle, a mixing chamber (36), and a safety shield (38) engaged with a portion of the housing and transitionable from a first shield position in which a portion of the needle is exposed to a second shield position in which the needle is shielded by a portion of the safety shield. In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes an arterial blood collection system (10) that includes an arterial blood collection element (14) defining a collection chamber (20) and an arterial blood module (16) removably connectable to a portion of the arterial blood collection element.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical materials, in particular to a solid-liquid two-phase embolism agent with a surface cilium structure and a preparation method thereof. Comprising an oil-phase liquid embolism material and a Janus cilia microsphere with a hydrophilic cilia structure, the oil-phase liquid embolism material is wrapped by the Janus cilia microspheres, and during wrapping, hydrophilic cilia structures in the Janus cilia microspheres are outwards exposed in a water phase, so that the surface of the solid-liquid dual-phase embolism agent has cilia structures; the cilia structure can improve the interaction force between embolism material particles and between the embolism material particles and a blood vessel wall, has excellent viscoelasticity and deformability, can reach finer artery blood vessels, realizes efficient thick and thin artery embolism, and improves the tumor embolism chemotherapy efficiency; the cilia structure is combined with a solid-liquid two-phase system, so that the embolism effect is improved, the stability of the embolism agent is enhanced, the action time is prolonged, the biocompatibility is optimized, and the application prospect is wide.

The invention relates to the technical field of membrane materials, in particular to an asymmetric PMP hollow fiber oxygenation membrane and a preparation method and application thereof. The PMP hollow fiber oxygenation membrane comprises a main body, one side of the main body is an inner surface facing an inner cavity, and the other side of the main body is an outer surface; the outer surface has a compact surface; the initial foaming point of hydrofluoroether of the oxygenation membrane is not lower than 2MPa, and the porosity of the oxygenation membrane is 40%-70%; the oxygen flux of the oxygenation membrane is 1 ml / (cm < 2 > * min * bar)-2.5 ml / (cm < 2 > * min * bar), and the separation ratio alpha (CO2 / O2) of carbon dioxide to oxygen of the oxygenation membrane is not lower than 1.8; the oxygenation membrane has appropriate oxygen flux and a high separation ratio alpha of carbon dioxide and oxygen, the oxygenation capacity of the oxygenation membrane is truly and greatly improved, the difference between the oxygenation membrane and the lung of the human body is shortened, and the oxygenation membrane can be used as an artificial lung to provide arterial blood for the organs of the human body and enable the organs of the human body to still work normally.

The invention discloses a plateau oxygen supply controller and method based on an event-triggered learning mechanism, and belongs to the technical field of plateau oxygen supply. The plateau oxygen supply controller comprises a blood oxygen saturation acquisition module and an event-triggered learning controller module of oxygen supply concentration; an oxyhemoglobin saturation SpO2 sequence is obtained through an oxyhemoglobin saturation acquisition module, and an arterial blood oxygen partial pressure PaO2 sequence is obtained through calculation according to an oxygen separation curve equation; the oxygen supply concentration percentage FiO2 is obtained; and the learning controller module is triggered by the event of the oxygen supply concentration to optimize the oxygen supply concentration percentage FiO2 through the minimum quadratic performance index. According to the plateau oxygen supply controller and method based on the event-triggered learning mechanism, the oxygen supply controller is designed for the resource-limited plateau hypoxia exercise process, so that the oxyhemoglobin saturation is effectively adjusted, and strong adverse reactions occurring in the hypoxia exercise process are relieved.

The present invention relates to a method to determine cerebral autoregulation (CA) state in a subject. The method of the invention comprises the provision of high frequency measures of Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) and Intracranial Pressure (ICP) and their characterization using an artificial neural network trained on reference concurrent measurements of ABP and ICP corresponding to a reference CA state. The invention further relates to a device for monitoring a subject's CA state configured for the implementation of the method of the invention and to a computer-readable storage medium for CA state monitoring device, comprising an artificial neural network trained on reference concurrent measurements of ABP and ICP corresponding to a reference CA state.

The invention discloses a cardiovascular system joint variability index detection method which comprises the following steps: synchronously acquiring an electrocardiosignal, an arterial blood pressure signal and a respiratory signal through a multi-channel physiological signal acquisition device, and carrying out denoising and baseline correction on each signal by adopting a self-adaptive filtering algorithm to obtain a preprocessed multi-modal signal sequence; respectively extracting a heart rate variability time domain index, a blood pressure variability frequency domain index and a breath variability nonlinear index according to the multi-modal signal sequence, mapping the three indexes into a unified sliding window by adopting a timestamp alignment mechanism, and generating an aligned variability feature set; performing Z-score-based standardization processing on the variability feature set, and constructing a dynamic weight distribution matrix in combination with individual physiological parameters; the objective of the invention is to solve the problems of time sequence mismatch, dimension difference, insufficient individual adaptation and historical data continuity deficiency in the process of acquisition, synchronization, feature extraction and fusion of multi-source physiological signals in the prior art.

The present disclosures provides methods for decreasing injuries associated with intraoperative hypotension by intravenously administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a fat emulsion, following a period of intraoperative hypotension and after the subject's mean arterial blood pressure has recovered. The disclosure also provides methods for preventing injuries associated with intraoperative hypotension, particularly for surgical candidates that have an increased risk for intraoperative hypotension. Non-limiting examples of injuries contemplated herein include myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury.

Systems and methods for non-contact arterial blood pressure waveform monitoring based on machine learning are provided. The method includes transmitting a millimeter wave signal waveform with a millimeter wave radar and receiving a reflected signal from the chest of a subject; extracting complex value millimeter wave IQ data from the received reflection signal; guiding the complex valued millimeter wave IQ data with a beamforming-based data enhancement module to form a target signal beam; and estimating an arterial blood pressure waveform from the target signal beam using a millimeter wave-arterial blood pressure waveform converter. During a training phase, the beamforming-based data enhancement module is configured to generate millimeter wave signal beam data from different angles for training the millimeter wave-arterial blood pressure waveform transducer; and a cross-modal knowledge migration module is utilized to generate a teacher model so as to jointly supervise training of the millimeter wave-arterial blood pressure waveform converter.

To provide a blood purification device that can accurately determine whether a venipuncture has been performed correctly in a patient. [Solution] The blood purification device 1 comprises a blood purifier 3 capable of purifying blood, a blood circuit 2 having an arterial blood circuit 21 with an arterial puncture needle 211 attached to its tip and a venous blood circuit 22 with a venous puncture needle 221 attached to its tip, an impedance measuring unit 5 having an oscillator 53 that applies an AC voltage between an arterial electrode 51 provided on the arterial blood circuit 21 and a venous electrode 52 provided on the venous blood circuit 22, and capable of measuring the frequency characteristics of the impedance between the arterial electrode 51 and the venous electrode 52, and a puncture determination unit 72 that determines whether the patient has been properly punctured based on the measured impedance frequency characteristics, and further comprises a frequency range determination unit 70 that determines the frequency range of the AC voltage applied by the oscillator 53 according to the liquid in the blood circuit 2.

The arterial blood pressure monitoring fixing part comprises an arm ring and an arm pad, the arm ring is in a circular ring shape, the arm pad is fixed inside the arm ring, an opening is formed in the side face of the arm ring, a connecting belt is fixedly connected to the opening end face of the arm ring, one end of the connecting belt is inserted into the other opening end face of the arm ring, and a limiting plate is fixedly connected to the side edge of the arm ring. A plurality of limiting rings are fixedly connected to the end face of the limiting plate, and a bandage is fixedly connected to the upper end of the arm ring. The multi-pipeline fixing device can be simply fixed to the arm in a clamping mode, then multiple pipelines are limited in a guiding mode, and the defect that in the prior art, dressing needs to be attached to the arm of the multi-pipeline fixing device for operation is overcome.

Cannula devices can be used for withdrawing venous blood from a patient and returning arterial blood to the patient after extracorporeal oxygenation. For example, this document describes dual lumen cannula devices and methods for their use with systems such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems. The technology described herein includes a cannula device, and a methodology utilizing the cannula device, to provide complete hemodynamic support incorporating both venous drainage cannula and arterial return cannula in a single cannula device.

To provide a device for adjusting arterial blood pressure of a user.SOLUTION: A device for adjusting arterial blood pressure of a user includes a signal generator for generating an electric stimulus signal, a controller connected to the signal generator to determine the form of the electric stimulus signal, and an earpiece connected to the signal generator and the controller to include electrodes. The earpiece includes a stimulating electrode for giving the electric stimulus signal to nerves that stimulate an earlobe of the user and a reference electrode. In the earpiece, the stimulating electrode is arranged in contact with a first surface of the earlobe and the reference electrode is arranged in contact with a second surface of the earlobe opposite from the first surface when attached to the earlobe. The controller is configured so as to transmit the electric stimulating signal to the stimulating electrode. The electrodes are attached in contact with the earlobe of the user. The electric simulating signal includes continuous electric pulses. Each electric pulse repeats at frequencies equal to or more than 1 Hz and equal to or less than 100 Hz, and has a duration of 10 to 500 microseconds and an intensity of 0.1 to 8 mA.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1B

The invention provides a vascular intervention catheter fixing device which comprises a fixing piece, the fixing piece is provided with a limiting piece, the limiting piece is connected with elastic traction plates, the adjacent elastic traction plates are connected through an elastic compression plate, and plate bodies of the elastic compression plates are in an outer side longitudinal folding form. Elastic pre-tightening force is formed between every two adjacent elastic compression plates and elastic traction plates; when the elastic compression plate is subjected to the vertical inner side acting force, the middle plate body of the elastic compression plate is in a vertical sunken and bent state, and after the vertical inner side acting force on the elastic compression plate is removed, the plate body of the elastic compression plate is in an inner side longitudinal folded state; the lowest point of the middle plate body of the elastic compression plate in the vertical sunken and bent state and a groin puncture point form pre-tightening force to assist in distraction of groin area skin, the puncture point is pressed while the indwelling cannula is pulled out, a guide wire is fixed, arterial blood is prevented from overflowing from the puncture point, and meanwhile the situation that the guide wire slides to break a blood vessel or slide out of the blood vessel is avoided. And personnel assistance in the operation process is reduced.