The subaperture radar altimeter includes a timer unit, a frequency modulated signal unit, an up conversion amplifier unit, a power amplifier unit, an antenna, a low frequency amplifier unit, a down conversion amplifier unit, a phase detection unit, a digital processing unit, an echo tracking unit, a first mixer, a second mixer and a local oscillator. The digital processing unit completes the Fourier conversion of signal, fine range regulation, compression, coarse range correction and echo processing to obtain the echo waveform; and the echo tracking unit completes the estimation and calculation on altitude, echo strength and roughness parameters and the control on the other units based on the estimated result. Compared with delay Doppler altimeter, the present invention has improved azimuth compressing accuracy, raised emitting power utilizing efficiency, improved echo averaging effectiveness, and raised altitude measuring precision.