885 results about "Rear-end collision" patented technology

Any presence of brake light emissions of another vehicle to the forward of a subject vehicle is sensed in a color camera and microprocessor system that detects (i) red light(s) illuminations in excess of other colors, that are any of (ii) appropriately sized, (iii) appropriately located, (iv) simultaneously occurring, (v) spaced apart in separation, (vi) substantially horizontal, and / or (vii) of approximately of equal intensity, as would be appropriate to a single brake light, or to a pair of brake lights, as the case may be. The brake lights of the subject vehicle are preferably applied either during (i) the persistence of any detection of the brake light(s) of any other vehicle(s) to the forward, or (ii) normal application of the subject vehicle's own brakes. The forward-sensed rearward-propagated brake light signal is preferably delayed in propagation, limiting any propagation of minor perturbations in traffic. Optional application of the vehicle's own brakes may be conditioned upon (i) proximity to and / or rate of closure with a forward emission source as is preferably determined by angles, and / or upon (ii) rate of closure, speed or deceleration G force of the subject vehicle. The brake light signal, whether simple or sophisticated in either its development and / or presentation, beneficially alerts drivers to the rear of impending or actual slowing, thus deterring rear end collisions and promoting fuel economy.

The invention provides an active-lane-changing collision-avoidance control method and device based on vehicle-vehicle coordination and belongs to the technical field of intelligent traffic / automobile active safety control. The active-lane-changing collision-avoidance control device comprises a vehicle-vehicle communication unit, a distance measuring sensor, a three-axis acceleration sensor, a vehicle speed sensor, an electronic control unit, an ESP control unit, a driver auxiliary operation unit, a tail lamp control unit and a vehicle inner warning unit. According to the active-lane-changing collision-avoidance control method, surrounding vehicle information is obtained through the vehicle-vehicle communication unit, the safety distance between a vehicle and a front vehicle on the same lane and the safety distance between the vehicle and a front vehicle on the side lane are determined; then, whether the vehicle meets the coordinated lane-changing collision-avoidance requirement is judged, if yes, the expectant lateral and the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle is calculated, and control over the direction and the speed of the vehicle are conducted, and if not, lane-changing danger warning is conducted. By the adoption of the active-lane-changing collision-avoidance control method and device based on vehicle-vehicle coordination, active-lane-changing collision-avoidance control is achieved, driver safety accidents caused by emergency brake and rear-end collision accidents caused by emergency brake can be avoided, manual operation errors are avoided, and the safety of driving the vehicle is guaranteed.

This disclosure introduces a system which generates a visual, audio, and / or tactile warning to a driver of a lead vehicle when a possible rear-end collision is detected, based on the approach of a second vehicle from a rear direction. The system may also generate a warning signal (such as quick blinking red brake light, or an array of multi-color lights) directed to the approaching vehicle when it is determined to be approaching at an unsafe speed. The system may include one or more of: approaching-vehicle-sensors mounted on the back end of the lead vehicle, a computer processing system, a set of warning lights, a set of speakers within the lead vehicle, and an antenna and transmitter / receiver for communicating with systems of other vehicles. This system may include a connection to the existing taillight system and other existing systems in the lead vehicle. Extended systems may include connections to and control of head support system, seat-belt systems and airbags system to provide additional safety to the occupants of the lead vehicle. The system may also record and store a few seconds of sensor data of the pre-crash and crash related scene when an impact occurs, and provide blind spot warnings.

The invention relates to an early warning method for preventing rear-end collision with a rearward vehicle and an early warning system thereof, wherein the method comprises the following steps: 1) arranging an early warning system for preventing rear-end collision with the rearward vehicle, which comprises an information acquisition unit, a system control unit comprising a singlechip as well as an early warning execution unit; wherein, an early warning module for preventing rear-end collision with the rearward vehicle is prearranged inside the singlechip, a collision warning range and a formula calculating the collision time of the vehicles are prearranged inside the early warning module for preventing rear-end collision with the rearward vehicle; 2) acquiring the distance between the rearward vehicle and own vehicle and relative speed information and acquiring own speed information; 3) calculating time of collision TTC and a warning time threshold of collision TTC_W of the rearward vehicle and own vehicle; 4) generating a control instruction in accordance with the difference value between the calculated time threshold of collision TTC and the warning time threshold of collision TTC_W of the rearward vehicle and own vehicle as well as the prearranged collision warning range; 5) sending corresponding warning information according to the control instruction. The invention can real-timely and accurately monitor the relative motion state between own vehicle and the rear vehicle that travels in the same traffic lane, thus effectually preventing the rear-end collision of the vehicles that traveling at high speed.

When a pressure receiving plate provided at a seat back moves to a rear side of a vehicle body when a vehicle is collided from behind, a Bowden cable transmits movement of the pressure receiving plate to a headrest ascending mechanism as a tensile load, thereby quickly ascending a headrest to reliably hold a head of an occupant. The Bowden cable transmits only the tensile load, and hence the Bowden cable is not buckled. Reduction in weight is made possible as compared with the case using a rod for transmitting a compression load. Since the Bowden cable is light, it is not required to unreasonably place the pressure receiving plate at a position near the headrest ascending mechanism for reduction in weight, and hence the pressure receiving plate can be placed at the optimal position where a sufficient driving force is obtained at the time of collision. Thus, a headrest is ascended with favorable responsiveness upon a rear-end collision of a vehicle while using a thin transmission member with low rigidity.

The invention discloses a rear-end collision pre-warning method based on driver types, and aims to solve the problem that the pre-warning accuracy is reduced due to no consideration of driving habits of different types of drivers in the prior art. The rear-end collision pre-warning method comprises the steps as follows: 1, an emergency reaction ability test: reaction time of a tested driver is tested by a reaction time tester; 2, driving behavior monitoring: corresponding sensors are respectively utilized to acquire operation parameters of the tested driver, a distance between the tested vehicle and a vehicle ahead and a relative speed; 3, classification of driver types: according to emergency reaction ability test data and driving behavior monitoring data of the tested driver, an unsupervised cluster analysis method is adopted to determine the driver type on the basis of a preset reaction capacity classification rule and a driving style membership grade function; 4, real-time danger level detection: a danger level judgment equation suitable for the driver type of the tested driver is selected to judge current driving danger level of the tested vehicle; and 5, pre-warning triggering.

The invention discloses a monocular vision vehicle distance measuring method based on road and vehicle information. The method can be adopted by a running vehicle on road to automatically measure the distance to the front vehicle according to the device equipped on the running vehicle, so as to realize the purposes of preventing vehicle rear-end collision and reminding drivers of driving safety. Specifically, a camera facing forward is mounted on the front part of the vehicle for collecting the front road and vehicle images; the lane marking line and the front vehicle are detected, and the vehicle license plate is also positioned; the vehicle distance is obtained through the transformation relationship of the lane width and the vehicle distance of the vehicle in the road image, or the vehicle distance is obtained through the transformation relationship of the size information of the license plate and the vehicle distance in the road image, or through the transformation relationship of the character height of the license plate and the vehicle distance in the road image. The invention can accurately measure the distance to the front vehicle, has high instantaneity, high robustness, low hardware cost, is applicable to various types of vehicles and is easy for popularization.

The invention discloses a vehicle active collision avoidance system based on VII support, comprising a short-distance wireless communication terminal, a road side base station and a traffic information service center, wherein, the short-distance wireless communication terminal is installed in a vehicle; the vehicle-mounted short-distance wireless communication terminals of the vehicles in local road sections form a wireless communication local area network; a road side base is arranged at a road side, various sensors arranged on the vehicle obtains the data information through uploading and collecting by CAN buses; the short-distance wireless communication terminal is provided with a danger warning information publisher; when the dangerous condition such as potential rear-end collision and the like exists, the danger warning information publisher is activated; the danger warning information is published in a broadcast manner through the short-distance wireless communication; after the short-distance wireless communication terminals on other vehicles receive the danger warning information, a central controller safety status judgment module analyzes the critical following distance required in preventing rear-end collision with abnormal running vehicles in a current running state. The vehicle active collision avoidance system of the invention can effectively reduce time delay and improve reliability.

A vehicle seat having a seat back including an actuatable back panel. The back panel of the seat back may be moved between a normal, or flush position, and an actuated, or spaced position, relative to the seat back assembly. The back panel is provided with clips that may be used to connect the back panel to the vehicle seat assembly or suspension. The back panel is actuated in the event of a rear end collision to provide added clearance for operation of an active head restraint system. Seat accessories, such as an adjustable lumbar system or heating / cooling system may be secured to the back panel as a sub-assembly to facilitate manufacture.

The invention provides a system and a method for sensing a local driving environment in the front. The system comprises a front-end data acquisition system and a background server data processing system, wherein the front-end data acquisition system comprises a vehicle-mounted camera, a laser radar and vehicle interior sensing equipment, wherein the camera is used for sensing pedestrians and lane lines in front of a running vehicle; the laser radar is used for sensing and extracting information of obstacles such as a vehicle in the front; the vehicle interior sensing equipment is used for acquiring running state parameters of the vehicle. Three data transmission types of MyProtocolCarData, MyProtocolCameraData and MyProtocolUrgData are defined, a data format is unified for encoding, and then camera information data, laser radar information data and vehicle interior information data are transmitted to a background server for decoding to integrate three kinds of sensor data into a frame of complete local traffic environment information which is saved into a data storage system, and a function for analyzing and visualizing data of the local driving environment in the front is provided. By real-time and efficient sensing of the local driving environment in the front, rear-end collision accidents are reduced, and the traffic safety is improved.

This disclosure introduces a system which generates a visual, audio, and / or tactile warning to a driver of a lead vehicle when a possible rear-end collision is detected, based on the approach of a second vehicle from a rear direction. The system may also generate a warning signal (such as quick blinking red brake light, or an array of multi-color lights) directed to the approaching vehicle when it is determined to be approaching at an unsafe speed. The system may include one or more of: approaching-vehicle-sensors mounted on the back end of the lead vehicle, a computer processing system, a set of warning lights, a set of speakers within the lead vehicle, and an antenna and transmitter / receiver for communicating with systems of other vehicles. This system may include a connection to the existing taillight system and other existing systems in the lead vehicle. Extended systems may include connections to and control of head support system, seat-belt systems and airbags system to provide additional safety to the occupants of the lead vehicle. The system may also record and store a few seconds of sensor data of the pre-crash and crash related scene when an impact occurs, and provide blind spot warnings.

A headrest device includes a fixed base, a movable base disposed forward relative to the fixed base, at least one first link being rotatably supported by a connecting shaft provided between the movable base and the fixed base, at least one second link being supported by the connecting shaft so as to rotate relative to the first link, a connection portion connecting the movable base and the fixed base to be relatively movable by a relative rotation between the first link and the second link, a drive portion relatively rotating the first link and the second link in a direction so as to deploy the movable base away from the fixed base on the basis of a detected result by a rear-end collision detection means, and at least one relative rotation restricting portion provided for restricting a relative rotation between the first link and the second link about the connecting shaft.

The invention discloses an image-based vehicle anti-collision early warning method. An image sensor is utilized for collecting the images of a rod ahead; after a vehicle is detected successfully and tracked, according to the vehicle width variation in interframe images and combining with the influences of the relative vehicle speed and relative acceleration, the time to collision (TTC) of a target vehicle and the vehicle is calculated, the dangerous level is analyzed, and an alarm is given to a driver, and meanwhile, the relative driving state of the target vehicle and the current vehicle also can be determined. The method provided by the invention is applied to the technical field of vehicle active safety, can effective prevent rear-end collision with the vehicle ahead, also is not influenced by rugged topography, and has high safety performance.

The invention discloses a lateral active collision avoidance system and a control method thereof. The system comprises a signal acquisition system, a signal processing system, and a controller. The signal acquisition system comprises a vehicular radar set, an image acquisition system and a vehicle sensor. The input end of the signal processing system is connected with the output end of the signal acquisition system, and the signal processing system is sued for converting data acquired by the signal acquisition system into electrical signals and transmitting the data to the controller. The input end of the controller is connected with the output end of the signal processing system, and the controller is used for further processing the data acquired by the signal processing system. The lateral active collision avoidance system is capable of allowing vehicles to actively avoid collisions during running, damage caused by rear-end collisions can be reduced effectively, the damage of vehicle lateral collision upon drivers and vehicles and upon blocked vehicles and passengers can be reduced effectively, loss on economic property can be reduced effectively, a safer and more comfortable driving environment is provided for drivers, and driving safety is improved.

The invention discloses a following auxiliary control system based on inter-vehicle cooperation. The system is mainly composed of an inter-vehicle wireless local area network communication core system and a following auxiliary control core system. As for the inter-vehicle wireless local area network communication core system, motion state information of each vehicle is sent to the periphery in a packed mode mainly by means of wireless local area networks installed on various vehicles, and therefore surrounding vehicles can receive the motion state information of each vehicle. The following auxiliary control core system is composed of two control modules, one control module is used for searching vehicles needing to be followed for a rear vehicle, and the other control module is a following control module. By means of cooperative control of the two control modules, the system can complete searching of a target object needing to be followed and complete acceleration and deceleration actions needing to be adopted for auxiliary following actions, the purpose of safe following is achieved, and rear-end collision accidents are prevented.

A rear end collision apparatus. The rear end collision apparatus includes a first warning light to capture a driver's attention indicating a slow down or stop event is about to occur or is occurring and re-focuses a drivers' visual attention point and a different type of second warning light indicating the vehicle has not yet started re-accelerating after a slowing or stop event. The rear end collision prevention apparatus may be integrated into a Center High Mount Stop Lamp (CHMSL) on a vehicle or used as a separate apparatus. The read end collision apparatus helps reduce or prevent rear end collisions of vehicles and reducing or preventing driver acclimatization to warning lights in a CHMSL or other rear end collision warning lights.

The invention relates to the technical field of traffic safety, particularly relates to a highway roadside early warning device, and provides the highway roadside early warning device which can prevent highway vehicle rear-end collision and speeding. The roadside early warning device is mainly composed of functional units of a detection unit, a communication unit, a master control unit, an early warning unit, a storage unit and a power supply unit and mainly realizes highway operating vehicle speed detection, traffic flow operating parameter extraction, vehicle operating safety state assessment and early warning and highway road operating state monitoring so that highway vehicle rear-end collision and speeding can be prevented, and data support of highway operating state monitoring can be provided for highway managers.

The invention provides a control system and control equipment of vehicle driving safety. The control equipment comprises a power management module, a wireless receiving and transmitting unit, a vehicle information collection module, an information storage unit and a central processing module, wherein the central processing module is connected with the wireless receiving and transmitting unit, the vehicle information collection module and the information storage unit. Compared with the prior art, the control system and control equipment of vehicle driving safety achieve sharing of running information of a vehicle, and not only can transmit the running information of the vehicle to other vehicles around the vehicle, but also can receive running information of other vehicles around the vehicle, learn changes of the running information of the vehicle and other vehicles (such as emergency braking or abnormal position changes of the vehicles) and provide corresponding prompt information, so that the control system and the control equipment can accurately judge driving road conditions according to the prompt information to take the judged driving road conditions as an important basis for driving of the vehicle, ensure driving safety, reduce automobile rear-end collision accidents, reduce casualties and avoid property losses.

Autonomous short distance manoeuvring with optimal acceleration for avoiding or mitigating inevitable side and read end collision is a highly time sensitive design and technique that actively monitors, instantaneously senses inevitable or imminent side impact and rear end collision, alert or warns the driver and if the driver not available or doesn't react or if the drivers sensing and reaction time is not sufficient the present system according to scenarios acts in the right time to takes control of the vehicle's with autonomous optimal acceleration and steering followed by deceleration or restoring the control back to driver based on scenarios thereby mobilising the vehicle to short distance according to critical situations thus efficiently utilising the space around the vehicle to manoeuvre, locate or position the vehicle ultimately to avoid or mitigate the side impact and read end collision. The present system particularly helps in efficiently utilising the space or environment around the vehicle in critical situations ultimately to avoid or mitigate Imminent and inevitable side impact and rear end collision. The system smartly senses, perform context aware computing in a closed loop processing manner thereby autonomously and optimally accelerate and steer the vehicle to right position ultimately to avoid or reduce the side and read end collision thus assist in overcoming or mitigating critical situations for protecting the vehicles, occupants, pedestrians and other objects around or on the way. Also according to design, configurations and scenarios the system instantaneously restores or transfers the control back to the driver after the vehicle overcomes the critical situation or restores the vehicle position. In critical situations SAAAMS performs sensing, warns or alerts, performs pre computing & set ready to control the vehicle's acceleration prior to critical situation, current computing for controlling the vehicle's acceleration during critical situation, post computing to either stop or transfer the control back to the driver after overcoming the critical situation all accordingly to design, configuration and scenarios. The present system utilise smart and adaptive closed loop processing algorithm with predetermined and tested correlation table parameters to instantaneously check and compare the effects between predetermined and tested real world scenarios to the actual real world scenarios for actively sensing, computing and controlling the vehicle accordingly to mitigate the critical situations. In case of vehicles available in both front and rear end and if the rear end vehicle is about to collide the system actively senses, instantaneously manoeuvre the vehicle ultimately to efficiently utilises the space available between the own vehicle and front end vehicle thereby to provide space for the rear end vehicle that is about to collide to either stop or in extreme situations mitigates the severity of the collision.

The invention relates to a fog region driving safety intelligent guiding system and a fog region driving safety intelligent guiding method. The system comprises at least one visibility detector, a plurality of active light emitting induction facilities and a controller; the active light emitting induction facilities are arranged at certain intervals along a road and emit light in different modes under the control of the controller; each visibility detector is used for sending detected visibility information to the controller; and the controller is used for controlling the active light emitting induction facilities to work in the specific modes on the basis of the visibility information. The method comprises the following steps: detecting visibility of a road region; and when the visibility is less than a first threshold value, but more than a second threshold value, starting a first mode to enable the active light emitting induction facilities to flicker under a first frequency, and when the visibility is less than the second threshold value, but more than a third threshold value, starting a second mode to enable the active light emitting induction facilities to flicker under a second frequency. According to the invention, vehicles can be reliably guided to safely run under the condition of low visibility, warning of safety vehicle intervals is provided in real time and serial rear-end collision is effectively prevented.

The invention discloses a highway rear-end collision prevention early warning system which relates to the technical field of traffic safety facilities. The highway rear-end collision prevention early warning system comprises control terminals (K) which are arranged at an entrance and an exit; monitoring subnetworks are arranged at N monitoring points of a highway full-range two-way lane, and the long-distance wireless communication between each monitoring subnetwork and the control terminal (W) is realized through a GSM / GPRS (Global System for Mobile Communications / General Packet Radio Service) wireless communication module (W); and each monitoring subnetwork mainly comprises a plurality of ultrasonic probes, a multi-machine communication interface circuit and an acousto-optic warning board (P). The invention has low expense and convenient construction, can accurately and reliably monitor and compute the vehicle speed, the lane and the front-and-rear vehicle distance of driving vehicles, can adjust the early warning threshold values of the safe vehicle interval and the vehicle speed according to the change of visibility, can early warn rear-end collision, overspeed, low speed, traffic jams of a forward road and the like, improves the smoothness ratio of the road, ensures the driving safety and is suitable for highway rear-end collision prevention early warning.

The invention discloses a vehicle forward collision warning method based on a vehicle networking technology. The method includes the following steps: (1) collecting real-time data through a vehicle-mounted terminal device; (2) adjusting a dynamic threshold value: adjusting the value of a dynamic regulation factor of vehicles according to vehicle disposition information, driver information, sensor information, real-time positions of the vehicles and road types; (3) calculating the theoretical safe distance S(safe) between two vehicles, wherein V(sv) is a vehicle speed acquired through a CAN bus, T(r) is the dynamic regulation factor, V(rel) is the absolute value of the relative speed of the two vehicles, TTC is a time from the current time to a collision time, and the time can be configured through the vehicle-mounted terminal device so as to reflect the warning sensitivity level of the system; (4) carrying out judgment and warning: comparing the theoretical safe distance with a real vehicle distance acquired by a distance measuring sensor, and sending out warning information if the real vehicle distance is smaller than the theoretical safe distance. The method guarantees objectivity and accuracy of a calculation model to the maximum and avoids rear-end collisions most accurately.

A rear end collision sensor is designed to detect the possibility of a rear end collision of a vehicle in advance. Upon detection, a controller drives a seat belt system to restrain the head of a seat occupant toward a headrest of the seat or to straighten the spine of the seat occupant to protect the neck against impending impact.

The invention relates to a self-vehicle active avoidance system based on vehicle-vehicle communication. The self-vehicle active avoidance system comprises a receiving module, a self vehicle information collecting module, an information processing module, an action response module and a sending module, wherein the receiving module is used for receiving front vehicle running information sent by a front vehicle; the self vehicle information collecting module is used for collecting self vehicle running information; the information processing module is used for obtaining the current road information, and is used for judging whether the self vehicle and the front vehicle have a collision occurrence risk or not according to the front vehicle running information, the self vehicle running information and the current road information; when the condition that the self vehicle and the front vehicle have the collision occurrence risk is judged, a control signal for executing the risk avoidance action is output; the action response module is used for responding the control signal output by the information processing module, and controls the self vehicle to execut active warning, active braking or active steering; the sending module is used for sending the self vehicle running information to a back vehicle. The invention also provides a self-vehicle active avoidance system based on vehicle-vehicle communication. The system and the method have the advantage that the risk that vehicles running in the same direction generate rear-end collision and receive rear-end collision can be reduced.

A vehicle headrest apparatus has a headrest unit mounted to an upper end of a seatback. The headrest unit has a headrest members with a head restraining member configured to be tensioned to restrain a passenger's head upon a rear-end collision. The headrest unit quickly and reliably restrains a seated passenger's head during a rear-end collision without utilizing the inertia force of the passenger's body by detecting the rear-end collision and pushing the headrest unit only outward in the forward direction of the vehicle. The headrest unit also has a swing / pushup device that to pushes the headrest members upwardly and forwardly. An auxiliary swing force adding device applies an auxiliary spring force in the deployment direction of the headrest members to increase the deployment speed of the headrest members and shorten the amount of time required to achieve initial contact between the passenger's head H and the head restraining member.

The invention relates to an automatically adjusted electric vehicle staged automatic emergency braking control system. The automatically adjusted electric vehicle staged automatic emergency braking control system comprises vehicle-mounted distance measuring and speed measuring sensor equipment, a staged pre-warning control system, a safety distance calculation model, a vehicle reverse longitudinaldynamic calculation model, a hydraulic braking force and regenerative braking force distribution and calculation module, a hydraulic braking system reverse model, an ESC and Booster active pressurizing hydraulic pressure distribution module and a pavement information estimation module; potential safety hazards such as rear-end collision of a rear vehicle caused by great sudden deceleration of a vehicle are reduced while the comfort during triggering an AEB system is improved; by estimating information, such as gradients and adhesion coefficients, of a current running road and a front road ofthe vehicle and controlling online adjusting of parameters, the adapting degree of the AEB system to different pavement statuses is enhanced, the braking energy is sufficiently recycled, the endurancemileage is increased, and the advantages of a vehicle body stability control system ESC and an electronic mechanical braking booster in active pressurizing are sufficiently developed.

The invention discloses a rear-end collision real-time prediction method aimed at a frequently jammed section of an expressway. Firstly, a traffic flow detector used for collecting real-time traffic flow data of all sections of the expressway is installed on the expressway (generally the upstream section of a bottleneck area). When a rear-end collision occurs, vehicle following running tracks are analyzed, a rear-end collision risk real-time prediction logistic model of the frequently jammed section of the expressway is built, and model parameters are calibrated according to traffic flow data by five minutes before the collision occurs. The method overcomes the defect that effective real-time prediction of the rear-end collision of frequently jammed section of the expressway cannot be conducted in the past, rear-end collision risks can be estimated in real time according to the traffic data collected by the traffic flow detector on the expressway, and moreover, dynamic traffic control is utilized to control and prevent the rear-end collision. The method has important time application value and wide application prospects in China.

The invention discloses a vehicle rear-end collision preventing system and method based on road surface conditions. The system comprises a driving information obtaining device, a safe state judgment device, a touch alarm device, an autonomous brake output device and a data information storage unit. The driving information obtaining device comprises a distance measuring sensor, a wheel speed sensor and an in-tire sensor and is used for sensing vehicle motion information and the road surface attachment state; the safe state judgment device is used for selecting target deceleration through driver characteristics based on the different road surface conditions, inputting the target deceleration into a safe distance module, and comparing the vehicle relative distance with the current relative distance to determine the real-time operating safe state of a vehicle; the touch alarm device comprises a touch sensor installed on the surface of a driver seat and a touch sensor installed on an accelerator pedal. Road information and vehicle information can be obtained through the multiple sensors, an alarm is given or autonomous brake measures are taken in time according to the safe state of the current vehicle, vehicle rear-end collision can be effectively avoided, and road potential safety hazards are reduced.