The invention relates to an underwater personnel operation safety monitoring system, which comprises an underwater information collecting module, a buoy alarming module and a data processing center, wherein the underwater information collecting module, the buoy alarming module and the data processing center are sequentially connected, the buoy alarming module comprises a buoy, a control sensor group, a processor, a battery and a radio frequency alarming submodule, the buoy is used for ensuring the buoy alarming module to float on the water surface, the battery is used for supplying power to the control sensor group, the processor and the radio frequency alarming submodule, and the processor is respectively connected with the underwater information collection module, the control sensor group and the radio frequency alarming submodule. The monitoring system has the advantages that the structure is simple; by adopting the wireless mode, the underwater operation is more convenient and easier; and the monitoring system solves the problem that the existing underwater personnel operation safety monitoring system excessively relies on the wired transmission, is inconvenient in working, is large in size and is not suitable for underwater operation.