The invention discloses an electronic tag-based neutral section passing method, an electronic tag, a reader and a system, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, reading the electronic tag installed on a train through the reader installed at a neutral section control point, and obtaining first data stored on the electronic tag, wherein the first data comprises marshalling data and marshalling position data, wherein the marshalling data is used for representing the number of current collecting vehicles in the train marshalling, and the marshalling position data represents the marshalling position of the current collecting vehicles in the train; and S2, determining the passing state of the train in a split-phase area according to the first data read by the reader, and controlling the electric energy output of the neutral section passing device to realize the automatic neutral section passing of the train. The method has the advantages that the method is not liable to be interfered by adjacent vehicles, uplink and downlink vehicles are not liable to interfere with each other, codes can be verified according to an encoding protocol, error code information is greatly reduced,the reliability of train position detection information is improved, the cost is low, and the service life is long.