The invention discloses a zoom optical system for collecting weak optical signals. The system consists of thirteen lenses with focal lengths being positive, negative, positive, positive, negative, positive, negative, negative, positive, positive, negative, positive and positive in sequence from an object plane. The system is mainly used for effectively coupling a weak optical signal into an optical fiber, thereby facilitating data acquisition of a rear-end CCD. For an actual application scene, the system is designed as a zoom system, and the object distance ranges from 50 mm to 200 mm. In order to improve the optical fiber coupling efficiency, parameters of image points on the axis of the optical system are accurately designed, the root-mean-square diameter of the image points ranges from100 micrometers to 150 micrometers, and the divergence angle 2alpha of the image points on the axis is 30.6 degrees. Not only can optical fibers be effectively coupled, but also single-optical-fiber coupling or multi-optical-fiber-bundle coupling can be satisfied for different application scenes. The working waveband of the system covers visible light and part of near-infrared light wavebands, andvarious aberrations are well corrected.