The invention relates to a visual teaching method of a robot based on a vision system. The method comprises the following steps that an image collection device is mounted on the tail end of a mechanical arm; an image processor adjusts the vision angle range of the image collection device through an image provided by the image collection device; the mechanical arm moves to the position above a workpiece to be machined, and is aligned with the position to be mounted, the image collection device carries out photo taking, and the position is recorded as a position A; the mechanical arm moves to the position above a part to be mounted and carries out grabbing, the image collection device carries out photo taking, and the position is recorded as a position B; and the image processor works out the motion track relation between the position A and the position B, through the motion track relation, the mechanical arm is controlled to move, the part to be mounted is accurately mounted in the workpiece to be machined, and teaching is finished. According to the visual teaching method of the robot based on the vision system, the vision system is adopted for serving a teaching auxiliary system, the teaching precision is greatly improved, the teaching time is reduced, work intensity is reduced, and work efficiency is improved.