The invention discloses a pile foundation detection device and method for constructional engineering supervision in the technical field of engineering supervision. The device comprises a bottom plate,the bottom of the bottom plate is fixedly connected with a horizontal adjustment mechanism, the horizontal adjustment mechanism comprises a six-rod adjustment nut and a U-shaped frame, and the middleof the top of the bottom plate is fixedly connected with a positioning mechanism. The positioning mechanism comprises an adjusting rod, L-shaped connecting rods, a clamping cross rod, an extrusion cross rod and a rotating connecting rod, the top of the bottom plate is fixedly connected with a lifting mechanism, the lifting mechanism comprises a support, a rope winding base and a rope winding roller, and the left side of a pile foundation is fixedly connected with a detection device. Through the combined action of the adjusting rod, the L-shaped connecting rods, a positioning ring and the clamping cross rod, on one hand, the to-be-detected pile foundation, a lifted heavy hammer and a steel wire rope for hoisting the heavy hammer are kept at the same axis position, the detection accuracy isimproved, and on the other hand, the lifted heavy hammer is rapid and stable, and the detection waiting time is shortened.