The invention relates to a method for identifying true and false recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, which comprises the following steps: (1) enriching a vaccine to be detected, preparing an infrared detection sample, and carrying out infrared spectrum detection; and (2) analyzing and calculating the obtained infrared spectrum of the to-be-detected vaccine by using the established recombinant hepatitis B vaccine identification model to obtain a plurality of matching values and matching objects corresponding to the matching values, then comparing the matching values with an identification standard, and identifying whether the to-be-detected vaccine is true or false through a comparison result. According to the method for identifying the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine based on the infrared spectrum, the problems that in the prior art, cost is high, operation is tedious, infrared spectrum sensitivity is low, and water interference is large can be solved; the method provided by the invention has good specificity and high accuracy, realizes rapid identification of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine products, plays a role in market supervision for guaranteeing vaccine safety, and brings social effects.