30 results about "Seed dormancy" patented technology

This invention discloses a herbicidal composition containing propyzoxystrobin and chlorpyrifos, and its application, belonging to the field of pesticide technology. The active ingredients of this herbicidal composition are propyzoxystrobin and chlorpyrifos, with a weight ratio of propyzoxystrobin to chlorpyrifos of 1:5 to 5:1. Through the synergistic effect of the two active ingredients, this herbicidal composition addresses the seed dormancy and germination characteristics and resistance issues of black nightshade in pumpkin fields, achieving a synergistic control effect of "rapid-acting + long-lasting" and "closed + foliar" action. The control efficiency can reach over 80%, with an optimal ratio reaching as high as 93.1%. It also significantly increases pumpkin yield without adversely affecting pumpkin growth, solving the technical problems of the lack of dedicated control agents for black nightshade in pumpkin fields and the strong resistance of conventional agents in existing technologies.

This invention discloses a method for breaking seed dormancy in *Palmeria nivea* seeds. This invention rapidly breaks seed dormancy through minimally invasive seed coat incision, combined with a fungicide-treated seedling tray device. This allows for seed germination control within 25 days from seed collection, with a rooting rate of 92.4% and a seedling survival rate of 83.69% after 45 days. After 45 days of cultivation in the fungicide-treated seedling tray, without the need for water or fertilizer, the average plant height is 8.46 cm, branch nodes reach 3 nodes, and root system length reaches 5.89 cm. This invention achieves rapid breaking of seed dormancy in *Palmeria nivea*, efficiently promotes seed germination and seedling growth, and reduces seedling management time. It achieves the goals of rapid seed germination and efficient seedling growth, providing a strategy for the protection and population expansion of the endangered plant *Palmeria nivea*.

The useful solution describes a process for breaking the dormancy of Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) seeds using plasma technology, which includes the following steps: a) seed collection and preliminary processing; b) treatment with plasma-activated water (PAW); c) treatment with gaseous plasma; and d) breaking the dormancy of Vietnamese ginseng seeds. In addition, the solution also describes a process for producing Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) seedlings, which includes the following steps: a) seed treatment; b) sowing treated seeds into a substrate; and c) seedling care. The process described in the solution stimulates development and completes embryo structure, shortens seed dormancy, increases germination rates, and allows for proactive seedling production of Vietnamese ginseng.

The invention discloses a wild lespedeza seed dormancy breaking and germination accelerating method, and belongs to the technical field of plant seed breeding. The method comprises the steps of physical skin breaking, surface cleaning and disinfection, warm water seed soaking, chemical dormancy breaking, gradient germination accelerating, batch sowing and intelligent water and fertilizer management. Aiming at the problems of low natural germination rate, irregular seedling emergence and the like caused by double obstacles of hard seed coats and shallow physiological dormancy of wild lespedeza seeds, the method synchronously breaks the double dormancy obstacles through a multi-stage synergistic mechanism of constructing a moisture permeation channel through physical coat breaking, breaking dormancy through chemical dormancy breaking and simulating environmental signals through gradient germination acceleration, and the germination rate of the wild lespedeza seeds is improved. The seed germination rate and the seedling emergence uniformity are effectively improved, and mildewing is inhibited. The method is stable in process, high in operability and suitable for large-scale seedling raising of the wild lespedeza, and reliable technical support is provided for ecological restoration engineering.

The utility model is suitable for the technical field of traditional Chinese medicinal material planting, and provides traditional Chinese medicinal material seed dormancy breaking treatment equipment. The warm water tank is fixedly mounted on one side of the cold water tank; the supporting rods are fixedly mounted on the cold water tank and the warm water tank; the same treatment box is fixedly mounted on the plurality of supporting rods; the box cover is hinged to the treatment box; the temperature adjusting mechanism is arranged on the cold water tank and the warm water tank and is used for adjusting the water temperature in the cold water tank and the warm water tank; and the circulating temperature control mechanism is mounted on the treatment box and is used for periodically and cyclically adjusting the soil temperature. The traditional Chinese medicinal material seed dormancy breaking treatment equipment provided by the scheme can simulate the natural soil temperature change condition to periodically adjust the soil temperature, has an illumination regulation and control function, and can accelerate the breaking of traditional Chinese medicinal material seed dormancy.

The invention relates to the technical field of seed dormancy, and particularly discloses a vicia sativa seed dormancy breaking device which comprises a material breaking barrel, a peel breaking device is fixedly connected to the center of the inner wall of the material breaking barrel, a material guide pipe is fixedly connected to the top of the material breaking barrel, and an awakening assembly is fixedly connected to the side face of the material breaking barrel. The bottom of the crushing barrel is fixedly connected with a collecting assembly, the bottom of the collecting assembly is fixedly connected with a soaking pool, the bottom of the collecting assembly is fixedly connected with the bottom of the inner wall of the soaking pool, the skin crushing device comprises a rotating barrel, the side face of the rotating barrel is fixedly connected with a fixing strip, and the side face of the fixing strip is fixedly connected with a scraping knife. A transmission shaft is fixedly connected to the top of the inner wall of the rotating cylinder, the side face of the transmission shaft is sleeved with and slidably connected with a meshing assembly, and a spring is fixedly connected to the top of the meshing assembly.

The utility model discloses a simple seedling raising suite for breaking the dormancy of epimedium seeds, which comprises a lamination basin, a scraper blade and a sealing belt, the lamination basin is a cuboid groove with an opening at the top, the side wall of the long edge of the lamination basin is used as a first side wall, and the side wall of the wide edge of the lamination basin is used as a second side wall; a first reinforcing rib and a second reinforcing rib are arranged on the inner wall of each first side wall, the two first reinforcing ribs correspond to each other, the two second reinforcing ribs correspond to each other, and the top surfaces of the first reinforcing ribs and the top surfaces of the second reinforcing ribs are parallel to the inner bottom surface; the two ends of the first reinforcing rib are connected with the inner walls of the two second side walls respectively, and the distance between each end of the second reinforcing rib and the inner wall of the opposite second side wall is larger than the width of the scraper blade; the length of the scraper is larger than the distance between the two first reinforcing ribs and the distance between the two second reinforcing ribs and smaller than the distance between the inner walls of the two first side walls. The device has the advantages that the dormancy of the epimedium seeds can be broken, and large-scale seedling culture can be realized.

The utility model discloses hoof leaf ligusticum sinense oliver seed dormancy breaking treatment device, especially in the technical field of breeding, including the treatment box, a plurality of positioning holes are seted up in the one side of treatment box, is equipped with the layered positioning treatment spare in the one side of positioning hole, and the layered positioning treatment spare includes: a plurality of seed disc all are arranged in the one side of positioning hole, and the inner wall of every seed disc all sets up a plurality of hole bodies, the handle is connected in the one side of seed disc, and a plurality of shunt pipes all are inserted in the inside of treatment box, and the outer wall of every shunt pipe all is fixed and is communicated with a plurality of atomizing nozzles. The utility model discloses layered positioning treatment spare, and the treatment box is equipped with a plurality of positioning holes and a plurality of seed discs alignment, and the seed disc is inserted into the positioning hole by pushing the handle, realizes the layered positioning lower spray treatment, avoids the layered deviation, and improves the breeding efficiency.

The invention discloses a method for breaking dormancy of epimedium villosum seeds and realizing efficient germination. The method comprises the following steps: performing seed disinfection pretreatment, soaking with 8-12mg / L FL and / or 150-250mg / L GA3 solution, performing stacking treatment in an environment of 4-10 DEG C for 60-90 days, and then germinating. The invention reveals that the dormancy breaking has two relatively independent passages of morphological after-ripening and biologic unlocking, GA3 dominates embryo morphogenesis, and FL efficiently relieves physiological dormancy. According to the preferable scheme, the germination rate is increased to 69.22% from 1.33% in a natural state through soaking for 6 hours in 10 mg / L FL and dark stratification for 90 days at the temperature of 4 DEG C. According to the method, the seedling raising period is remarkably shortened, the bottleneck that the sexual reproduction efficiency is extremely low in artificial cultivation of epimedium villosum is effectively solved, and key technical support is provided for artificial seedling raising of the species and sustainable utilization of resources.

The invention relates to the technical field of plant seed treatment, in particular to a variable-temperature sand storage treatment process for breaking deep dormancy of seeds, which comprises the following steps: step (1) pretreatment: removing impurities from seeds, selecting mature and full seeds with uniform shape and size, soaking and scrubbing the seeds with clear water, and drying the seeds; naturally air-drying for later use; (2) disinfection: disinfecting with sodium hypochlorite, washing, and drying in the shade at an indoor ventilated place to obtain disinfected seeds; step (3) seed soaking; step (4) preparation: adjusting the humidity of the clean river sand by using sterilization distillation to obtain wet river sand; (5) sand storage; and (6) temperature changing: performing indoor hot storage, transition, cold storage and temperature returning, and checking the white exposure condition. According to the variable-temperature sand storage treatment process for breaking the deep dormancy of the seeds, the variable-temperature sand storage treatment process is provided, the common risks of mildewing, rotting and uneven germination in the traditional lamination process are effectively reduced through accurate temperature, humidity, time, mechanical scratching and transition stages, the germination rate of the seeds is increased, and the application prospect is good.

This invention discloses the application of the rice OsCK1a.1 gene in regulating seed dormancy and panicle budding resistance, belonging to the field of plant genetic engineering technology. To achieve panicle budding resistance breeding in rice, this invention targets the OsCK1a.1 gene, utilizes CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing technology to construct a knockout vector for this gene, and successfully transforms it into rice, obtaining homozygous mutant plants with the OsCK1a.1 gene knockout. Experimental results show that, compared with the control, homozygous mutants of different mutation types exhibit significantly enhanced seed dormancy levels and substantially improved panicle budding resistance. Therefore, this invention, by knocking out the OsCK1a.1 gene, provides an effective method for creating new rice varieties resistant to panicle budding, which has significant application value for ensuring high and stable rice yields.

This utility model discloses a greenhouse storage device for dormant seeds of desert plants, belonging to the technical field of seed storage equipment. The device includes an outer shell, with a mounting mechanism fixedly installed at the middle of its inner end. A storage mechanism is movably installed on the inner side of the mounting mechanism. The mounting mechanism includes a drive box, with a drive shaft connected to the middle of its upper end. A support frame is fixedly installed at the upper end of the drive shaft. A bottom ventilation net is provided at the bottom of the inner end of the support frame, and a top ventilation net is fixedly installed at the upper end of the support frame. This greenhouse storage device for dormant seeds of desert plants features a rotatable support frame. A control box is used to input sample information and storage location. By connecting to the drive box, the drive shaft rotates the support frame to a set position for sampling, improving the convenience of use.

The invention discloses a KASP molecular marker related to dormancy traits of rice seeds and application of the KASP molecular marker, and belongs to the technical field of gene engineering. The invention provides a KASP molecular marker related to dormancy traits of rice seeds, the KASP molecular marker is located at the 4th bp, 730th bp and 3777th bp of the sixth chromosome of rice, and the single nucleotide polymorphism site of the KASP molecular marker is G / A; the molecular marker comprises three primers including two forward specific primers and one reverse universal primer, genetic typing is performed according to the KASP marker provided by the invention, and the rice seed dormancy character is judged according to a genetic typing result. The KASP molecular marker provided by the invention can be used for rapidly screening single plants with excellent dormancy characteristics in an early rice seedling stage, and effectively overcomes the limitation of dependence on phenotype identification after plant maturity in traditional breeding, so that the breeding period is remarkably shortened, and the genetic improvement process of germplasm resources is accelerated.

The application discloses a method for promoting in-situ germination of seeds in a field of the Maowusu sandy land, and belongs to the technical field of seed germination, and specifically comprises the following steps: spraying a promoting agent on a spike of a plant, so that the promoting agent is wrapped on a seed surface of the spike, and seed treatment in the field of the Maowusu sandy land is completed. The method is simple and convenient to operate, the sprayed promoting agent can keep the seeds active in the field environment of the Maowusu sandy land, break seed dormancy in spring, provide suitable moisture conditions for the seeds to promote germination, and realize in-situ germination of the seeds in the field of the Maowusu sandy land.

This invention discloses the application of rice OsbHLH004 protein or its encoding gene in regulating seed dormancy in plants. The amino acid sequence of the rice OsbHLH004 protein is shown in SEQ ID No. 2. Experiments revealed that rice OsbHLH004 mutant lines exhibit prolonged seed dormancy and slower germination rates than the wild type, while different overexpression lines showed faster seed germination rates than the wild type. Furthermore, the degree of increase in germination rate in overexpression lines was closely related to the upregulation level of OsbHLH004 transcription, indicating that OsbHLH004 negatively regulates seed dormancy. This invention's rice OsbHLH004 protein or its encoding gene can be used to regulate seed dormancy or germination rate, which is of significant importance and application value for the study of molecular regulatory mechanisms of seed dormancy and the breeding of rice varieties resistant to panicle sprouting.

The application discloses a TaMADS-3B gene for adjusting seed dormancy level and PHS resistance, a CAPS marker and application thereof, relates to the technical field of plant genetic breeding, and the nucleotide sequence of the TaMADS-3B gene is shown as SEQ ID NO.1, and the TaMADS-3B gene positively regulates the seed dormancy level and the PHS resistance; the CAPS marker is TaMADS-3B-931. The application verifies that the CAPS marker TaMADS-3B-931 is extremely significantly related to a seed germination index GI by using a population composed of 174 families and 192 wheat varieties of Jing411 / hongmangchun21 parents, and the seed germination index GI of the family carrying the HMC21 genotype is significantly smaller than that of the family carrying the J411 genotype, so that the CAPS marker developed in the application can effectively distinguish the strong / weak dormancy or the resistant / susceptible PHS type of the wheat varieties.

The application discloses a wheat seed dormancy gene TaCDPK5-6B, a CAPS marker and application thereof, relates to the technical field of plant genetic breeding, and the nucleotide sequence of the wheat seed dormancy gene TaCDPK5-6B is shown as SEQ ID NO. 1. The application finds that the wheat seed dormancy gene TaCDPK5-6B can promote wheat seed germination, the deletion of the wheat seed dormancy gene TaCDPK5-6B can reduce the wheat seed germination level, two CAPS markers for identifying wheat ear germination resistance / sensitivity are designed, the two CAPS markers are significantly related to seed dormancy, and the seed germination index GI of a family carrying an HMC21 genotype is significantly smaller than the GI of a family carrying a J411 genotype. The two CAPS markers developed by the application can effectively distinguish wheat varieties of ear germination resistance / sensitivity types.

This invention provides a highly efficient cultivation method for *Cistanche deserticola* inoculated with *Trichosanthes kirilowii*. By employing a composite seed treatment method combining low-temperature precooling, warm water soaking, and variable-temperature stratification, the dormancy of *Cistanche deserticola* seeds can be synergistically broken, significantly improving seed germination potential and uniformity. By designing deep inoculation pits inclined towards the host root system, combined with a double-layer three-dimensional sowing pattern (bottom and middle layers) and backfilling with a nutrient substrate containing vermiculite, the *Trichosanthes kirilowii* roots are actively induced to grow directionally towards the seed-dense area, greatly expanding the parasitic interface and steadily increasing the inoculation success rate. Targeted supply of mineral-derived potassium humate and high-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer during the germination and swelling stages of *Cistanche deserticola* not only conserves precious water resources in arid areas but also significantly promotes the accumulation of dry matter in *Cistanche deserticola*, resulting in a substantial increase in the yield per acre of fresh *Cistanche deserticola*. Simultaneously, post-harvest host care measures ensure continued production in the following year, ultimately achieving an organic unity between ecological restoration and high-value medicinal material production.

The present disclosure relates to the field of wheat genetic breeding technology, and provides a gene TaCaM-3A for seed dormancy in wheat and application thereof. The full-length sequence of gene TaCaM-3A is shown in SEQ NO.1. The present disclosure identifies a gene TaCaM-3A that negatively regulating seed dormancy and sprouting resistance. Functional loss of this gene can significantly enhance sprouting resistance of wheat varieties, and increase grain length, grain width, and yield per plant. This gene has the potential to simultaneously improve sprouting resistance and yield of wheat, and has significant breeding application value in wheat sprouting-resistance breeding.

The application provides a kind of small micro seed granulation method, belongs to the field of agricultural technology, the method is as follows: adding hormone, fertilizer, bacteriostatic agent and water-retaining agent etc. in sodium alginate solution, then put small micro seeds into it, stir uniformly, form a mixed solution;With the container of hole, the mixed solution containing small micro seeds is dropped into calcium chloride solution one by one to carry out ion reaction, form gel small group of particles;Take out gel small group of particles, flush with tap water, terminate ion reaction;Wax coating.The application can effectively solve the problems such as sowing difficulty, long dormancy period and difficult germination of small micro seeds by carrying out seed granulation on small micro seeds. The small micro seeds are wrapped in a favorable micro environment, the composition is safe, the technology is simple, the precision and fixed point sowing of small micro seeds can be realized, strong seedlings are formed, and the yield is increased. The seed dormancy can be broken by granulation, the seed germination is rapid and uniform, the germination period is shortened, the loss can be reduced, the management is convenient, and the planting yield is increased.

The application discloses a plant seed dormancy and ear germination resistance gene TaCDPK21-7A, an InDel marker thereof and application, and the InDel marker is an insertion or deletion of 276 base pairs at the 31th position of the promoter region of the TaCDPK21-7A gene. The application verifies that the InDel marker is extremely significantly related to a seed germination index GI by using Jimei 22 and Qitoubai parents and a natural population of a family line thereof, wherein the seed germination index GI of the family line carrying the Qitoubai genotype is significantly smaller than the GI of the family line carrying the Jimei 22 genotype, and it is indicated that the InDel marker developed in the application can effectively distinguish the dormancy level and ear germination resistance of the wheat varieties.

The application provides a kind of polyphylla pratt seed seedling method, belongs to polyphylla pratt cultivation technical field.The polyphylla pratt seed seedling method of the application includes sand storage, potassium permanganate solution soaking, soaking liquid soaking germination, sowing and placing covering after sowing and the like multiple steps.Snow mountain forest extract, cow hair seven extract and gibberellin in the soaking liquid in the application can synergistically break seed dormancy and promote seed germination.The covering in the application is a mixture of fern, early grass and ground ivy, which has the functions of water permeability, air permeability and water retention, and the released nutrient substances can promote the growth of seedling root system and improve seedling quality.The polyphylla pratt seed seedling method of the application is conducive to the large-scale production of polyphylla pratt seed seedlings, and provides sufficient high-quality seedlings for the planting of polyphylla pratt.

The present application relates to a kind of Lu Dangshen under forest imitated wild planting method based on seed pelleting and seed coding live broadcast.The method first makes the preprocessed Lu Dangshen seed and the functional coating material comprising water-retaining agent, microbial inoculum and trace element into pellet, then the pelleted seed is coded into degradable paper tape according to preset plant spacing to make seed coding tape;Finally, shallow trench is opened under forest to lay seed coding tape and complete sowing by covering soil.The present application aims at the industry problems such as Lu Dangshen planting policy restriction, low seed utilization rate in forest planting, uneven emergence, high management cost, etc., through "pelleting+seed coding tape", multiple technologies such as seed dormancy breaking, biological activation, nutrition starting are integrated and innovated, realize not occupying farmland, precise, efficient, standardized sowing in forest environment, significantly save seed and labor cost, emergence rate is from traditional less than 50% to stable higher than 85% breakthrough, provide efficient, feasible technical scheme for Lu Dangshen forest ecological planting.

This invention relates to the field of sowing equipment technology, and more particularly to an automatic sowing device for agricultural breeding trays, comprising a conveyor belt device: above the conveyor belt device, along its conveying direction, are arranged a smoothing strip, a material collection section, a feeding section, a control panel, and a pressing pit section; the conveyor belt device is used to transport the breeding trays thereon. This invention features a water storage chamber inside the rollers of the pressing pit section. Water is precisely delivered to the pressing cone through the capillary action of the seepage rope, and finally seeps out from the water guide holes at the bottom of the outer plate. When the pressing cone presses into the substrate to form a sowing hole, water simultaneously moistens the inner wall and bottom of the hole, ensuring sufficient soil moisture in the seed implantation area before sowing. This avoids the lag of water needing to penetrate layer by layer to reach the seeds, overcomes the water-blocking effect of the hydrophobic layer formed on the dry substrate surface, effectively prevents seed dormancy or seedling death caused by dry spot effect, and significantly improves germination rate and seedling uniformity.

The application relates to a protein AtGRF8 for controlling seed dormancy and germination and application of a coding gene. The application first finds that the AtGRF8 protein has the functions of promoting seed dormancy and inhibiting seed germination; the transgenic application of GRF8 can enhance seed dormancy of crops, prevent ear germination, and is suitable for agricultural production.

The application provides a sand whip seedling cultivation method, and belongs to the technical field of sand-fixing plant cultivation. The sand whip seedling cultivation method comprises the steps of seed collection, seed dormancy breaking, sowing, seedling raising, seedling hardening, row belt type sand barrier setting, target sand dune pretreatment and transplanting. The application solves the problem of lack of sand whip seedling and artificial cultivation technology on the current mobile sand dune. The seed collection cost in the application is only 4.8-20.0% of the traditional collection cost. According to the sand whip seedling cultivation method, the germination rate is above 95%, the emergence rate is above 85%, the average height of the sand whip on the mobile sand dune is between 30-35 cm in the transplanting year, and the preservation rate can reach above 70%. The sand whip seedling cultivation method is a most key step for the research and development of the sand whip living sand barrier.

The application provides a gene (GA2ox9) for regulating seed dormancy and germination of plants and application thereof. The GA2ox9 affects alpha amylase activity and soluble sugar content by regulating the content of active gibberellin (GA) in endosperm, changes abscisic acid (ABA) signal in the embryo, and further regulates seed dormancy and plant ear germination. The GA2ox9 gene deletion leads to the decrease of seed dormancy and the occurrence of ear germination, and the overexpression of the GA2ox9 gene improves seed dormancy. The application provides a new way for improving seed dormancy and reducing ear germination of plants.

This invention discloses a gene for identifying rice seed dormancy and storage tolerance regulatory genes. SAG9 This invention provides tightly linked molecular markers and their applications. The primer sequences and amplification product sequences provided by this invention are as follows: the primers are SAG9-CTC-F (SEQ ID NO.1), SAG9-CTC-R (SEQ ID NO.2), and SAG9-CTC-2F (SEQ ID NO.3); the amplification product sequence is the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.6 or SEQ ID NO.7. The molecular markers of this invention can efficiently and rapidly screen genes regulating rice seed dormancy and storage tolerance, thereby accelerating the breeding of new rice varieties with enhanced seed dormancy and storage tolerance.

The application relates to the technical field of fruit tree breeding, and discloses a hybrid breeding method for breeding cold-resistant dwarf rootstocks by using Xinjiang wild apples, which comprises the following steps: Xinjiang wild apples are used as female parents, and conventional dwarf rootstocks M9 are used as male parents to cross and extract seeds; the seeds are put into a reaction kettle, and a composite seed soaking liquid containing a citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer solution, polyethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide and gibberellin is pumped in for constant-temperature stirring reaction; then linear cooling is carried out, and citric acid aqueous solution is synchronously added dropwise to lower the pH value; after constant-temperature and constant-pH reaction, liquid is discharged, the seeds are leached, soaked and rehydrated, and finally, the seeds are placed in a dark environment for static buffering recovery and germination acceleration. The application breaks the dormancy of hybrid seeds by using chemical stress combined with cold and acid double environments, shortens the breeding period, and completes early screening of cold resistance adaptability before germination, so that the acquisition rate of cold-resistant excellent single plants is obviously improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural seed treatment, in particular to a method for improving the vigor of sweet corn seeds by cooperating chemical regulation and pathogen resistance and control, which comprises the following steps: chemical regulation: before sowing, selecting full and undamaged sweet corn seeds, and sequentially carrying out specific chemical activator treatment and functional organic nutrient treatment; and pathogen prevention and control: after harvesting the seeds, carrying out surface and superficial layer sterilization treatment by adopting a sterilization reagent, and drying to a safe water content. Through the synergistic effect of screened and matched chemical reagents and organic reagents, seed dormancy is broken, physiological metabolism is activated, surface and shallow pathogenic bacteria are removed through sterilization after harvesting, the germination rate and germination potential of the sweet corn seeds are remarkably increased, the storage period of the seeds is prolonged, and a foundation is laid for high quality and high yield of sweet corn. The method is simple and convenient to operate, controllable in cost, wide in applicability and suitable for large-scale seed treatment application.