The invention discloses a rapid absolute radiometric calibration method for a push-broom dispersion type imaging spectrometer. According to the rapid absolute radiometric calibration method, a tungsten lamp and an xenon lamp are combined so as to be adopted as light sources, and the brightness ratio of the two kinds of light sources can be adjusted so as to obtain light sources with different spectral characteristics, and therefore, the defect of low brightness in shortwave bands when only the tungsten lamp is adopted as a light source can be eliminated; and in an acquisition process, the brightness ratio of the tungsten lamp and the xenon lamp can be adjusted for many times, which does not require precise control and only requires certain change of the brightness ratio to be ensured, and therefore, the adjustment can be completed in a short time period, and the responses of the imaging spectrometer are tested respectively, and a standard spectral radiometer is utilized to perform monitoring; the data acquisition mode can provide a plurality of groups of data with different spectral characteristics, and preferred data can be selected from the plurality of groups of data with different spectral characteristics when absolute radiometric calibration coefficients are calculated; and finally, when the absolute radiometric calibration coefficients are calculated, one group of data to which the imaging spectrometer highly respond is selected from experimental data, and therefore, calibration accuracy can be guaranteed, and the whole calculation process is completed by a computer, and therefore, calculation efficiency can be ensured.