The invention provides a fast extension and retraction device of an unmanned ship. The fast extension and retraction device comprises the unmanned ship, a tapered self-locking pendant sleeve with a tapered inner surface and a tapered self-locking pendant matched with the inner surface of the tapered self-locking pendant sleeve, wherein the tapered self-locking pendant sleeve is arranged on the unmanned ship through a metal bracket, a lifting ring connected with a mooring rope is arranged at the upper end of the tapered self-locking pendant, a notch matched with the our surface of the tapered self-locking pendant is formed in the tapered self-locking pendant sleeve, and the orientation of the notch is the direction of a ship bow; and two guide rails are arranged on the unmanned ship, the two guide rails are arranged symmetrically along the midline of the unmanned ship, and the ends of the two guide rails are connected with the notch of the tapered self-locking pendulum sleeve through guide members. According to the fast extension and retraction device of the unmanned ship, fast extension and retraction of the unmanned ship on the sea can be realized, the device is suitable for fast extension and retraction of the unmanned ship in complicated sea conditions by a main ship, and the whole extension and retraction system is simple in principle, simple in the process, convenient and fast to implement and good in reliability.