The invention discloses a self-adaptive selective leakage protection system and method for a mine low-voltage electric network. The system comprises a microcontroller module, double Ethernet communication circuit modules, an A/D (Analog-to-Digital) conversion circuit module, a leakage testing circuit module, a key operation circuit module, a noise elimination and filter circuit module, an electric network voltage and zero sequence voltage transmission circuit module, a plurality of branch zero sequence current transmission circuit modules, a liquid crystal display circuit module and a leakage tripping output circuit module. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, signal acquisition; secondly, signal collection, storage, analysis and processing; thirdly, manual leakage test existence judgment; fourthly, manual leakage test failure judgment and judged result output; fifthly, insulation parameter measurement and storage; sixthly, electric network leakage judgment; and seventhly, electric network leakage judged result output and leakage protection. The self-adaptive selective leakage protection system is novel and reasonable in design, strong in self-adaptability for different network structures of a mine power supply system, high in leakage detecting speed, reliable and accurate in action and high in popularization and application values.