The invention discloses a robust video transmission method combined with network coding on an end system and a relay node. An unequal protection algorithm of scalable video coding, a prioritization partition method of scalable code streams, an interleaving and packaging algorithm of video streams and a video quality distortion model are designed, and the video quality distortion model is optimized and solved to obtain an optimal redundancy allocation scheme. A sending end adds proper redundancy on a compression source stream to be transmitted through random linear network coding, and the reliability of video transmission is ensured from the angle of the end system. The relay node reduces energy consumption of network bandwidth resources, and improves efficiency of the video transmission and mistake-resisting performance through the random linear network coding. The robust video transmission method ensures that a receiving end can obtain layered code streams according to the sequences of importance of the scalable code streams, improves the quality of the video transmission, and can adapt to requirements for band widths, computing power and resolution ratios of different terminals in the network.