The invention discloses a multi-node rapid communication method suitable for a contention channel underwater acoustic network. Each transmission cycle in the method comprises a handshake phase, a transmission phase and an end phase; the method comprises the following concrete steps that SA1, when a channel is idle and at least one node needs to transmit data, a network enters the handshake phase; SA2, after the handshake phase is ended, the network enters the transmission phase; the moment at which the data can be transmitted to a corresponding destination node without conflict by the node is calculated by priority order through each node which needs to transmit information, and after timing is performed for the moment, the data is transmitted to the corresponding destination node; SA3, after data transmission of all the nodes is ended, the network enters the end phase. According to the multi-node rapid communication method disclosed by the invention, the data can be transmitted in batches without generating the conflict in the same transmission cycle by multiple nodes in the underwater acoustic network, so that the utilization efficiency of the channel can be effectively improved, and the average delay of the channel is reduced; the multi-node rapid communication method can be widely used for occasions with various contention protocol-based underwater acoustic communication networks, underwater acoustic sensing networks and the like.