The invention relates to a construction method and application of a standard characteristic chromatogram of a Chinese patent medicine, i.e., a pharyngitis-treating tablet. The construction method comprises the following steps: weighing control substances of (R,S)-goitrin, paeoniflorin and harpagoside, a sample of the pharyngitis-treating tablet, and 12 negative samples of the pharyngitis-treating tablet, wherein the 12 negative samples are prepared according to a prescription and preparation process for the pharyngitis-treating tablet and respectively lack in Radix Scrophulariae, isatis roots, Radix Asparagi, Radix Ophiopogonis, tree peony bark, Radix Stemonae Preparata, Chinese olive, Flos Farfarae Preparata, Oroxylum indicum, Rhizoma Rehmanniae, Periostracum Cicadae and peppermint oil; separately preparing control solutions, a test solution and negative sample solutions; precisely sucking up 1 [mu]L of each of the above solutions and injecting the sucked solutions into a liquid chromatograph; carrying out determination according to set chromatographic conditions so as to obtain corresponding chromatograms; and carrying out calculating by using a chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system for traditional Chinese medicines so as to generate the standard characteristic chromatogram of the pharyngitis-treating tablet. The standard characteristic chromatogram of the pharyngitis-treating tablet constructed in the invention for the first time is complete in characteristic peaks, accurate in positioning and fast in construction method, can effectively identify the authenticity of the Chinese patent medicine and evaluate the quality of the Chinese patent medicine, and is expected to become a standard method for quality control of the Chinese patent medicine, i.e., the pharyngitis-treating tablet.