The invention relates to a structured light quick scanning microscopic imaging method. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) controlling a spatial light modulator to generate a modulation pattern with single spatial frequency by a computer, and projecting the modulation pattern on a sample fracture; (2) under the condition that the phase of the modulation pattern is unchanged, driving a sample to move by an electric control movement platform, and synchronously triggering a line-scan digital camera to take a picture; (3) changing the phase of the modulation pattern, and scanning the same imaging region until different lighting phase images required by structured light imaging is acquired; and (4) moving a sample, and executing the steps (2) to (4) for the subsequent adjacent imaging region until the whole sample fracture is scanned. By performing phase change for one time before scanning motion is performed at each time, requirements of imaging on the speed and robustness of the modulator are reduced; and in single-time scanning motion, a complete image is acquired, and adjacent images are partially overlapped. Sample motion and camera exposure are synchronously performed, so that time is saved, and imaging speed is increased.