423 results about "Laser treatment" patented technology

The present invention discloses a multi-wavelength tunable laser and sensing system, which relates to the field of lasers and includes: a setting module for presetting or selecting two wavelengths of laser beams in the laser; a camera module for collecting the user's target skin surface image for treatment in real time, identifying the tumor area and the healthy skin area in the image data, and identifying the current skin surface position of the laser beam. The present invention identifies the tumor area and the healthy skin area in the operation data by collecting the user's target skin surface image for treatment, further plans the laser treatment path based on the target skin surface image, and controls the laser in the process of moving according to the treatment path, in combination with the sensor to sense the tumor thickness, so as to achieve further intelligent control of the movement speed of the laser in the process of moving according to the treatment path, so that the tumor position on the user's skin surface can be treated more adaptively.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of medical instruments, and particularly relates to a cooling and analgesia device capable of being folded in a partitioned mode in a laser therapy operation, which is mainly used for cold compress of the face of a patient in the laser therapy operation. The device mainly comprises a flexible substrate which is provided with a hollow area; at least one side of each cold compress unit is connected with the flexible base layer, and the cold compress units are all located in the hollow area, so that the hollow area is covered with the cold compress units; wherein the cold compress unit is constructed to be capable of being folded relative to the flexible base layer, so that a part of the hollow area is exposed; the face cold compress device has the advantages that face cold compress is conducted on a patient in real time in an operation, so that the pain of the patient is relieved, and postoperative vesicles and hyperpigmentation are prevented.

The invention relates to a method for providing control data for an ophthalmic laser (12) of a treatment device (10).The procedure comprises the following steps: determining a preoperative corneal thickness profile (24) of a cornea (16) of a human or animal eye from predetermined examination data; determining a target corneal thickness profile (26) of the cornea (16), wherein at least one corneal thickness of the target corneal thickness profile (26) is set to a predetermined corneal thickness value (28) present at at least one predetermined position of the preoperative corneal thickness profile (24); determining tissue removal data to generate the target corneal thickness profile (26), wherein in the tissue removal data only tissue (14) at positions between the preoperative corneal thickness profile (24) and the target corneal thickness profile (26) is defined as tissue (14) to be removed; and providing control data for controlling the ophthalmic laser (12), which includes the tissue removal data.

The invention discloses an AI-based multi-disease chronic disease information intelligent management system, and relates to the technical field of medical information, and the system is provided with a laser response capture module and a multi-dimensional data processing module, and can collect an RGB image data set and an infrared thermogram data set of a skin area at a set time point after laser treatment, and can obtain an RGB image data set and an infrared thermogram data set; and performing standardization processing and white spot region segmentation on the image based on an AI image processing model, and further extracting morphological parameters such as area, edge curvature kurtosis and tangential direction disturbance of the white spots and thermal parameters such as a temperature gradient recovery value, temperature change curvature and regional heat flux density. According to the system, a structural convergence tension index STCI and a thermal response consistency mapping index HRCI are calculated through cooperative work of a structural convergence analysis module and a thermal recovery analysis module, the skin response process is comprehensively measured from the two dimensions of structure and thermal power, and the problem of inaccurate evaluation caused by traditional visual observation and subjective judgment is effectively solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical robots, in particular to a laser treatment auxiliary robot and an auxiliary method thereof, and the method comprises the following steps: scanning a motion area, and obtaining obstacle detection records by calculating point cloud density, boundary form and curvature change parameters and identifying obstacles in the motion area. According to the method, through multi-layer point cloud scanning, the recognition precision of the mechanical arm on the obstacles in the movement area is optimized, the space sensing capacity is improved, the real-time data of the joint torque sensor are combined, the accuracy of collision risk assessment is enhanced, the speed and torque are dynamically adjusted, and the movement safety and stability are improved; according to the method, treatment starting coordinates are extracted by adopting tissue deformation in unit time, a surface curvature change value and a boundary shortest distance, the matching degree of a treatment area is improved, laser treatment is more accurate, a motion path is optimized by combining a surface geometrical shape and real-time operation feedback, trajectory mutation is reduced, and safety and consistency of a treatment process are improved.

The invention discloses an unsealing analysis method for an integrated circuit, which comprises the following steps of: 1, confirming a laser area: putting the integrated circuit into a laser machine table, importing an X-ray diagram into operation software of the laser machine table, and dragging the X-ray diagram to coincide with a back image of the integrated circuit; and step 2, removing the plastic package body by laser: positioning a laser area of the integrated circuit and carrying out laser treatment until the base is exposed, and forming an integrated circuit groove on the back surface of the integrated circuit at the same time. The invention belongs to the field of semiconductor integrated circuits, and particularly relates to an unsealing analysis method of an integrated circuit. According to the method, the back unsealing area of the integrated circuit is accurately positioned through the laser machine table and the sample X-ray diagram, and the problem that welding spots on a base are not electrically connected due to the fact that the chip base is removed through a traditional method is effectively solved, so that hot spot analysis can be effectively carried out, and the laboratory analysis capability is improved.

The invention relates to the field of laser medical instruments, and discloses a spectrum detection-based multi-wavelength optical fiber laser treatment diagnostic machine, which comprises a power supply system, a laser module, a spectrum identification module, a control system, a display operation system and an optical fiber for coupling laser, and the power supply system is respectively connected with the laser module and the spectrum identification module. A treatment and feedback shared optical path structure is adopted, and coaxial transmission of high-power treatment laser and weak biological spectrum signals in the same optical fiber is realized by using an optical signal separation unit. Compared with a traditional technical scheme of an external independent probe, the structure does not need to add an additional intervention detection part, not only simplifies a handheld end operation mechanism, but also ensures that a spectrum collection view field and a laser thermal action area are highly overlapped in space, and the detection accuracy is improved. Therefore, the real biological physicochemical characteristics of the target tissue in the treatment process can be obtained in real time and in situ, and the judgment error caused by the deviation of the detection position is eliminated.

Some embodiments are directed to a skin treatment system that contains a laser generating device. A hydrogel patch may include a region, at a first side of the hydrogel patch, to be in contact with a person's skin. The region may contain an adsorbing medium (e.g., carbon black or any other substance that would have a similar effect) that, when receiving a laser beam from the laser generating device, results in Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (“ESWT”) being applied to the person's skin to treat a dermatologic condition such as an epidermal or dermal tissue structure irregularity, cellulite, a stretch mark, a scar, scar-tissue, a hypertrophic scar, an acne scar, etc.

Systems, devices, and methods for delivering laser energy directed toward target tissue using a spectroscopic feedback. An exemplary laser feedback control system comprises a feedback analyzer to receive a signal from a target tissue using a spectroscopic sensor, and a laser controller to determine whether the received signal generally equals a first preset. If the received signal meets the first preset, the laser controller can send a control signal to a laser system to change from a first state to a second state of the first laser system. The laser system can deliver laser energy via an optical fiber towards the target tissue.

A laser therapy device includes a control module having a housing, a display, a processor, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having executable instructions encoded thereon such that, when executed, cause the processor to operate a laser module, and one or more removable laser modules configured to couple to the control module, wherein each of the one or more laser modules comprises a laser diode, and wherein the control module is configured to interchangeably receive one of the one or more laser modules. A method for providing laser treatment with a laser therapy device includes selecting, by a user, a treatment program from the display or a companion user interface coupled to the control module; and executing, by the processor, the treatment program, where the executing includes powering the one or more laser diodes and dynamically controlling a light emitted from the one or more laser diodes.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical apparatus and instruments, and discloses an ultra-pulse thulium fiber laser therapy apparatus, which comprises a laser, a coupler, a lithotripsy energy transmission optical fiber, a thulium fiber laser head, an electrical device, a mainboard, an air cooling device and an equipment case, the laser is of an all-fiber structure and outputs 1940-nanometer near-infrared laser, the 1940-nanometer near-infrared laser is transmitted to the thulium fiber laser head through the thulium-doped double-clad fiber, and a collimating lens set is arranged at the light emitting end of the laser head and used for shaping the laser into collimated light beams. An aspheric focusing lens and an optical fiber clamping mechanism are arranged in the coupler, and the coupler is used for focusing the collimated light beam into the lithotripsy energy transmission optical fiber; the lithotripsy energy transmission optical fiber is a multimode quartz optical fiber, the end face is polished and plated with an anti-reflection film, one end is connected with the coupler through an FC / APC interface, and the other end is connected with an external replaceable treatment handle; and the electrical device is electrically connected with the mainboard. According to the invention, efficient and intelligent heat dissipation management is realized, and the energy transmission efficiency and the output stability are improved.

The invention discloses a production process for preparing a three-dimensional circuit by using laser forming and chemical etching after metallization of a plastic surface, and relates to the technical field of three-dimensional circuit preparation. The method comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and oil removal on a plastic base material; s2, performing sand blasting roughening or laser treatment; s3, chemical coarsening is carried out; s4, palladium activation; s5, chemically plating a copper bottom; s6, thickening the circuit by chemical copper plating or electro-coppering; s7, plating a tin or nickel protective layer on the surface of the copper layer; s8, surface metal in a non-circuit area is cut off through laser forming; s9, copper etching is carried out; and S10, surface layer metal is plated again, and passivation hole sealing protection is carried out. According to the method, the material selection range of a three-dimensional circuit is greatly expanded, the processing limitation of a traditional process on a complex circuit structure is broken through, the circuit design requirements in different fields can be met, the process effectively solves the problem of high risk of circuit overflow plating connection when a high-precision circuit is manufactured on the surface of a plastic base material in the past, and the product quality is improved. The precision and the product yield of the three-dimensional circuit are further improved, and the method has a wide application prospect.

The invention relates to an extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle, which comprises a shell, an inner mounting seat and an extensible laser component, the inner mounting seat is arranged in the shell, the inner mounting seat is provided with two end surfaces, namely a head end surface and a tail end surface, and the extensible laser component is detachably connected to one side of the head end surface of the inner mounting seat. According to the extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle, the extensible laser component is designed, the change of the light spot area can be controlled through a rotary adjusting means so as to change the operation mode of the extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle, the extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle is provided with a plurality of sealing points, it is ensured that the extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle has good sealing performance, pollution is avoided, and the service life of the extensible laser therapeutic instrument handle is prolonged. And the whole body can be quickly disassembled and assembled and is also convenient to maintain, and when the light-transmitting mirror is designed to be spherical, an operator can slide and press the body surface of a patient through the light-transmitting mirror, so that massage and irradiation are realized at the same time.

To provide an improved system and method for controlling medical procedure processing. [Solution] The surgical laser system comprises a surgical optical fiber optically coupled to a light source, and a photodetector configured to receive a portion of light reflected from a treatment target, and to generate optical data corresponding to the portion of reflected light interacting with the photodetector. The system also comprises a computing device configured to analyze the optical data against a characteristic criterion, and to control the operation of the laser source based on a comparison of the optical data with the characteristic criterion.

The invention discloses a laser therapeutic instrument control method, equipment, a product and a medium, and relates to the technical field of medical instrument control. According to the method, an action area is divided into a plurality of operation units, and a reflection spectrum and a scattering spectrum of each operation unit are acquired in real time by utilizing a detection light beam, so that optical characteristic information of the tissue is accurately obtained; extracting multi-dimensional absorption characteristic parameters including a wave band absorption coefficient, a scattering attenuation coefficient and an effective penetration depth; a dose response function constructed based on the parameters can accurately represent a nonlinear mapping relation between the input laser energy and the actual absorbed dose; differential laser input parameters are reversely calculated through dose equalization processing, so that operation units with different optical characteristics can receive corresponding target absorbed doses; and finally, the laser therapeutic instrument executes operation according to the differentiated parameters, so that accurate energy control on areas with different optical characteristics is realized, and the effectiveness of laser treatment is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of eye protection medical instruments, and discloses an instantaneous eye protection and optical barrier device during laser therapy, which comprises a bed frame and a laser therapeutic instrument host, an electric telescopic rod drives an L-shaped plate to move, the L-shaped plate drives a connecting plate and a positioning plate in a protection assembly to move, and the laser therapeutic instrument host is connected with the bed frame. When an L-shaped plate moves, the L-shaped plate drives a square box and a square ring sliding frame to move, the square ring sliding frame drives a square plate and magnetic blocks to move, the two magnetic blocks are close to each other, and due to the action of magnetic fields generated by the L-shaped plate and the square ring sliding frame, although the distance is gradually reduced, due to the action of the same polarity, the eyes of the patient can be preliminarily shielded. And the two magnetic blocks always keep a certain distance, so that direct contact is avoided. And because the laser operation is an instantaneous process, the electric telescopic rod drives the protection assemblies to operate quickly, the two protection assemblies which are close to each other can be prevented from colliding through the two magnetic blocks, and the phenomenon that the device is damaged is avoided.

1. Name of the product in this design: Portable Holmium Laser Therapy Machine. 2. Purpose of this design: For use in medical laser therapy machines, belonging to medical equipment. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the design's key points: 3D rendering 1.

The invention relates to the field of laser treatment equipment, in particular to a laser positioning auxiliary device. Comprising an arc-shaped track, a first driving part, a sliding block assembly, a second driving part, a laser emitting assembly and a positioning wheel. The first driving part is connected with the arc-shaped track and used for driving the arc-shaped track to swing; the second driving part is connected with the sliding block assembly and used for driving the sliding block assembly to move on the arc-shaped track; the laser emitting assembly comprises a laser emitting end part and a positioning wheel; the positioning wheel is in contact with the scalp and used for keeping the distance between the laser emitting end and the scalp area within a preset interval. According to the invention, a three-axis system of X, Y and Z can be formed, so that the laser emission end part is driven to accurately reach any position of the scalp. Meanwhile, by means of the positioning wheel, it can be guaranteed that laser irradiation is conducted on each scalp area at the preset focal length, the laser irradiating the scalp areas can reach the preset intensity, and the treatment effect is improved.

1. The name of the present design product: dynamic graphical user interface of electronic device for laser treatment operation (holmium laser). 2. The use of the present design product: an electronic device. 3. The design points of the present design product: the interface content of the graphical user interface in the display screen panel. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: design 1 interface change state figure 4. 5. Design 1 is designated as the basic design. 6. The use of the graphical user interface: the present design product is used for the operation of the laser treatment function. 7. Human-Computer Interaction Methods of Graphical User Interface: In Design 1, after powering on, the device displays the main view of Design 1. After entering the password in the main view of Design 1, a self-test is performed, and the interface sequentially jumps to the interface change state diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Design 1. In the interface change state diagram 4 of Design 1, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom changes the buttons from blue to green. Clicking the "Med" button in the interface change state diagram 4 of Design 1 causes the interface to jump from Design 1 interface change state diagram 4 to Design 1 interface change state diagram 5. In Design 2, after powering on, the device displays the main view of Design 2. After entering the password in the main view of Design 2, a self-test is performed, and the interface sequentially jumps to the interface change state diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Design 2. In the interface change state diagram 4 of Design 2, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom changes the buttons from blue to green. Clicking the "Med" button in the interface change state diagram 4 of Design 2 causes the interface to jump from Design 2 interface change state diagram 5 to Design 2 interface change state diagram 5. Clicking the "Off" button below the "l" will cause the interface to switch from Design 2 interface state diagram 4 to Design 2 interface state diagram 5. In Design 3, after powering on, the device displays the Design 3 main view. After entering the password in the Design 3 main view, a self-test will be performed, and the interface will sequentially switch to Design 3 interface state diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4. In Design 3 interface state diagram 4, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom will change the buttons from blue to green. Clicking the "standby" button in Design 3 interface state diagram 4 will cause the interface to switch from Design 3 interface state diagram 4 to Design 3 interface state diagram 5. In Design 4, after powering on, the device displays the Design 4 main view. After entering the password in the Design 4 main view, a self-test will be performed, and the interface will sequentially switch to Design 4 interface state diagrams 1, 2, 3, and 4. In Design 4 interface state diagram 4, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom will change the buttons from blue to green. When the device detects a water flow fault, the interface changes to green. In Design 5, after powering on, the device displays the main view of Design 5. After entering the password in the main view of Design 5, a self-test is performed, and the interface sequentially changes to the interface states 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Design 5. In the interface state 4 of Design 5, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom changes the buttons from blue to green. When the device detects a water level fault, the interface changes to the interface state 5 of Design 5. Similarly, in Design 6, after powering on, the device displays the main view of Design 6. After entering the password in the main view of Design 6, a self-test is performed, and the interface sequentially changes to the interface states 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Design 6. In the interface state 4 of Design 6, clicking the "Off," "Low," "Med," and "High" buttons at the bottom changes the buttons from blue to green. When the device detects a water temperature fault, the interface changes to the interface state 5 of Design 6.In the design 7, after booting, the device displays the design 7 main view, after inputting the password in the design 7 main view, self-checking is performed, the interface is sequentially switched to the design 7 interface change state diagram 1, 2, 3, 4, in the design 7 interface change state diagram 4, the “Off”, “Low”, “Med”, “High” and the like buttons below are clicked, the buttons change from blue to green, when the device does not detect the optical fiber, the interface is switched to the design 7 interface change state diagram 5; in the design 8, after booting, the device displays the design 8 main view, after inputting the password in the design 8 main view, self-checking is performed, the interface is sequentially switched to the design 8 interface change state diagram 1, 2, 3, 4, in the design 8 interface change state diagram 4, the “Off”, “Low”, “Med”, “High” and the like buttons below are clicked, the buttons change from blue to green, when the power-off button of the device is pressed, the interface is switched to the design 8 interface change state diagram 5.

The present application pertains to the technical field of batteries, and provides a dust removal apparatus and a battery production device. The dust removal apparatus comprises a base and a dust removal cover. The base is provided with a first sub-cavity penetrating through the base. The dust removal cover is configured to be assembled on the base. The dust removal cover is provided with a second sub-cavity, the first sub-cavity is in communication with the second sub-cavity, the end of the first sub-cavity away from the dust removal cover is a dust removal opening, and the dust removal opening is provided to be in contact with a surface of a target object to undergo laser treatment. The surface of the dust removal cover close to the base is provided with a protruding part, the second sub-cavity penetrates through an end surface of the protruding part, at least a portion of the protruding part is located in the first sub-cavity, and a gap is formed between the protruding part and a sidewall of the first sub-cavity to form an annular gas channel. A gas supply opening of the dust removal apparatus is in communication with the annular gas channel, such that gas introduced from the gas supply opening can blow toward the dust removal opening through the annular gas channel. According to the embodiments of the present application, the dust removal apparatus can improve the dust removal effect during laser treatment.

1. The name of the design product: laser treatment head. 2. The use of the design product: the product is a component of a laser treatment instrument, and is used for laser treatment of the skin. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: Design 1, perspective view 1. 5. Design 1 is designated as the basic design. 6. Other circumstances that need to be explained: A and B are transparent parts.

A method includes receiving a first device component, receiving a second device component, and bonding a semiconductor layer stack of the first device component and the second device component to form a first stacked structure. The first device component includes a release layer disposed between the semiconductor layer stack and a first substrate, and the first stacked structure includes the semiconductor layer stack disposed between the release layer and the second device component. The method includes, after the bonding, removing the first substrate and the release layer from the first stacked structure, and reusing the first substrate to form a second stacked structure. An example release layer is a two-dimensional layer, which facilitates removal of the first substrate and the release layer by peeling. Another example release layer is a semiconductor oxide layer / region, which facilitates removal of the first substrate and the release layer by laser treatment.

A method includes forming a device layer on a first surface of a first substrate, forming a first interconnect structure over the device layer, depositing a bonding layer over the first interconnect structure, forming a diamond layer over the bonding layer, performing a laser treatment on a top portion of the diamond layer by applying laser energy to the top portion of the diamond layer using a laser beam, and performing a thinning process on the diamond layer to remove the top portion of the diamond layer.

The utility model discloses a hand tool and a laser therapeutic instrument, relates to medical instrument technical field, the hand tool comprises a lens cone assembly and a telescoping assembly, the lens cone assembly is provided with a lens, the outer wall of the lens cone assembly is provided with a connecting surface, the connecting surface is vertical to the axial direction of the lens cone assembly, the connecting surface is provided with a plurality of jacks, and the jacks are connected with the lens cone assembly. The hole depths of the multiple insertion holes in the axial direction of the lens barrel assembly are different, a treatment face is arranged at one end of the telescopic assembly, the outer wall of the lens barrel assembly is movably sleeved with the other end of the telescopic assembly, a connecting piece is arranged at the end, close to the connecting face, of the telescopic assembly, and the connecting piece is matched with the insertion holes in an inserted mode; wherein the telescopic assembly rotates relative to the lens barrel assembly, and the telescopic assembly moves in the axial direction of the lens barrel assembly, so that the connecting piece is inserted into the insertion holes with different hole depths, and the distance between the lens and a treatment surface is adjusted. According to the technical scheme provided by the utility model, the problem that the coaxiality between the lens and the laser is easily influenced by the focusing mode of the hand tool of the existing laser therapeutic instrument is solved.

1. The name of the design product: laser therapy instrument. 2. The use of the design product: for laser irradiation therapy. 3. The design points of the design product: in the combination of shape and pattern. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: perspective view 1.

Disclosed are systems and techniques for providing laser treatment. For example, a vasculature structure associated with a tissue region can be determined. Based on the vasculature structure, one or more laser parameters for configuring a laser to deliver laser energy to at least one blood vessel within the tissue region can be determined. Laser energy can be delivered to the at least one blood vessel to halt blood flow to a targeted area within the tissue region.

1. The name of the product under this design: Laser therapy device (semiconductor 1). 2. Purpose of this design product: used as a disease treatment device. 3. The key design points of this product are the combination of shape, pattern and color. 4. The picture or photo that best illustrates the key points of the design: main view. 5. The design for which protection is sought includes color.

A method for treating the surface of a dental implant to impart surface roughness is disclosed. The method for treating the surface of a dental implant according to the present invention includes a first surface treatment step of forming grooves in a regular pattern on the entire or part of the implant surface using a laser, and a second surface treatment step of imparting roughness to the grooves and their surroundings through acid etching. The first surface treatment step may include a first laser treatment step of processing a plurality of first grooves that are continuous in a first direction and spaced apart in a second direction, and a second laser treatment step of processing a plurality of second grooves that are continuous in the second direction and spaced apart in the first direction, forming craters at each intersection between the first and second grooves.

A method of treating an eye includes delivering an OCT beam along an OCT optical path that enters a first optical subsystem along an input axis, and exits the first optical subsystem along an output axis that: 1) is substantially parallel to the optical axis of the eye, 2) is radially offset from the optical axis, and 3) extends through the cornea and into a portion of the irido-corneal angle at a point along a circumferential angle of the eye. The method also includes imaging the portion of the irido-corneal angle with the OCT beam; delivering a laser beam along an angled optical path that extends through the first optical subsystem, through the cornea, through the anterior chamber, and into a target volume of ocular tissue in the portion of the irido-corneal angle; and photodisrupting at least a portion of the target volume of ocular tissue with the laser beam.

The invention discloses a process for forming MAO laser burst points on the surface of a shell. The process comprises the following steps that sand blasting treatment is conducted on the surface of the shell; carrying out oxidation treatment on the surface of the shell subjected to sand blasting; performing laser texture processing on the oxidized shell surface to generate a final shell surface; wherein the oxidation treatment comprises the following steps of: removing oil on the surface of the sand-blasted shell by adopting a degreasing agent and water; and an MAO technology is adopted for treating the shell surface obtained after oil removal, and the shell surface obtained after oxidation treatment is generated. The high-voltage MAO process is adopted, the thickness of the film layer is increased and can be regulated, the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance are better, on the basis, the power of laser parameters each time is changed during multiple times of laser treatment, then the controllability of a burst point on the surface of the final shell is improved, the visual impact force of the burst point is improved, and the service life of the shell is prolonged. And mass production of laser burst points on the surface of the shell is realized.