The invention relates to a method for studying the structural diversity of a daqu bacterial community, i.e. the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technology, which belongs to the technical field of microbial ecology and mainly comprises the following steps that: 1), daqu genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is directly extracted; 2), bacterial universal primers are selected, and specific DNA fragments in the bacterial ribosome DNA are amplified; 3), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products are separated through DGGE; 4), corresponding strips of microbes in the DGGE fingerprint map are recovered in a gel cutting way; 5), PCR is carried out again, products are connected to a T carrier, the blue and white spot screening is carried out, and positive clone verification is carried out; and 6), the species information of the corresponding microbes of the DGGE strips is obtained through the sequence test. The method does not rely on the molecular biology technology of the traditional culture method, has the characteristics of sensitivity, convenience and accuracy and solves the difficult problems to study some microbes incapable of being cultured or difficult to culture, and the method provides the technical basis for the verification of the daqu bacterial community structure and the discovery of new wine brewing microbes or functional microbes.