117 results about "Likelihood-ratio test" patented technology

Methods and apparatus are provided for computing soft data or log likelihood ratios for received values in communication or storage systems. Soft data values or log likelihood ratios are computed for received values in a communication system or a memory device by obtaining at least one received value; identifying a segment of a function corresponding to the received value, wherein the function is defined over a plurality of segments, wherein each of the segments has an associated set of parameters; and calculating the soft data value or log likelihood ratio using the set of parameters associated with the identified segment. The computed soft data values or log likelihood ratios are optionally provided to a decoder.

A system and method for detecting network intrusions using one or more statistical models and a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is provided. The system includes a computer system and a network intrusion detection engine executed by the computer system. To detect network intrusions, the system receives network traffic data, computes a likelihood using one or more statistical models, such as an Markov-modulated Poisson process, and processes the traffic data using a GLRT. The statistical models are used to assess the likelihood of seeing a particular pattern of network traffic. The GLRT is used to classify a particular pattern as either indicative of an attack or not indicative of an attack. The system could apply one or more types of statistical models, such as in a flexible multi-tiered approach.

Method and apparatus for validating location information associated with an access point (AP) in a wireless local area network (WLAN) by subjecting neighborhood node proximity information retrieved from an AP and neighborhood node location information retrieved from a database to a likelihood ratio tests (LRT). The neighborhood node proximity information retrieved from an AP comprises a list of nodes exhibiting at the AP a signal strength above a threshold level T, or link quality information associated with those nodes having a signal received by the AP.

A cooperative spectrum sensing method based on likelihood ratio in cognitive radio provides that local judgment of cognitive nodes uses the maximum likelihood criterion, and the method effectively solves the reliability problem of the local judgment of the cognitive nodes in low signal to noise ratio. The method comprises two parts, namely local detection of the cognitive nodes and judgment of a central node, wherein the cognitive nodes use energy detection, and perform the local judgment based on the maximum likelihood criterion on an energy detection value so as to obtain local judgment results related to an authorization user, and the likelihood ratio is taken as a measure of the judgment reliability; and the various cognitive nodes send the local judgment results and a quantized local likelihood ratio to the central node, and the central node performs the cooperative judgment according to the results of the various cognitive nodes.

A method for segmenting a digitized image includes providing a digitized volumetric image comprising a plurality of intensities corresponding to a domain of points in an N-dimensional space, identifying a target structure in said image, forming a window about said target structure whose size is a function of the target scale, and performing a joint space-intensity-likelihood ratio test at each point within said window to determine whether each said point is within said target structure.

The general problem of pattern change discovery between high-dimensional data sets is addressed by considering the notion of the principal angles between the subspaces is introduced to measure the subspace difference between two high-dimensional data sets. Current methods either mainly focus on magnitude change detection of low-dimensional data sets or are under supervised frameworks. Principal angles bear a property to isolate subspace change from the magnitude change. To address the challenge of directly computing the principal angles, matrix factorization is used to serve as a statistical framework and develop the principle of the dominant subspace mapping to transfer the principal angle based detection to a matrix factorization problem. Matrix factorization can be naturally embedded into the likelihood ratio test based on the linear models. The method may be unsupervised and addresses the statistical significance of the pattern changes between high-dimensional data sets.

The invention provides a method for producing log likelihood ratio of a quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (QAM-OFDM) modulating signal. The method comprises the following steps: allowing an OFDM receiver to estimate the frequency domain channel factor of each QAM sub-carrier symbol; performing the channel compensation of each QAM sub-carrier symbol by utilizing the estimated frequency domain channel factor; normalizing the estimated frequency domain channel factor; multiplying the normalized frequency domain channel factor by a specified scaling factor that is selected from a look-up table; subjecting the compensated QAM symbol to the QAM de-mapping to obtain a basic bit measurement information; multiplying the basic bit measurement information by a scaling factor that is subjected to the normalization and the scaling treatment; and searching a pre-emphasis look-up table by utilizing the scaled soft information to obtain the final bit likelihood ratio and outputting the bit likelihood ratio. The method is universal, can obviously improve the system performance, and is applied to various modern broadband wireless multimedia communication systems. Additionally, the method is simple and free of complex calculation and is adaptive to the hardware implementation.

The invention provides a shallow sea target depth classification method based on a hydrophone array. Detection is performed by integrating information received by multiple hydrophones, a typical probability density function of energy field change produced by model-based deep and shallow sound sources is generated by acoustic propagation simulation, likelihood ratio test (LRT) is performed based on the probability density function to identify a received signal, prior knowledge is extracted according to the law of distribution of sound energy within the whole range of a sound field, and thus, depth classification is performed on the sound field target. The algorithm is easy to implement and high in environmental adaptability.

The invention discloses a hyperspectral remote sensing image target detecting method based on variable end members, comprising the following steps of: selecting a remote sensing image to be processed by target detection; acquiring prior information required for detection, wherein the prior information comprises spectral information of target end members and spectral information of background end members; traversing the remote sensing image to be detected by utilizing a cross correlation matching technique to determine the types of background end members in each pixel in the remote sensing image to be detected; carrying out spectral decomposition on the remote sensing image to be detected in a completely restricted least square way to acquire the component information of target end members and various background end members in each pixel in the remote sensing image to be detected; establishing a detector based on the GLRT (Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test); and traversing the remote sensing image to be detected by adopting the detector to acquire the detection function value of each pixel in the remote sensing image to be detected, thereby judging whether targets exist in each pixel in the remote sensing image to be detected or not. The method of the invention has the characteristics of strong structuration, high adaptability, self-organization and self-learning.

Aspects of this invention are directed to the substantially improved detection and geolocation accuracy of targets (stationary or moving) by using the coherent data received at multiple airborne sensors. Further aspects are directed to aligning the (unknown) time-delayed and Doppler-shifted signals received at the multiple sensors relative to an arbitrary reference sensor, which depend on the unknown target position. This results in the target position and velocity vectors being simultaneously estimated and the detection peak enhanced by obtaining near coherent gain. Still further aspects are directed to the coherent generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) statistic for multistatic radar systems, conditioned on estimation of certain parameters that render the system coherent. Analytical and computer simulation results are presented to show substantially enhanced detection and geolocation of moving targets in clutter.

The invention discloses a GLRT (General Likelihood Ratio Test) detection method based on oversampling, which is proposed for the problem that the signal correlation cannot be utilized and large quantities of signal samples cannot be accumulated in a short time in the current GLRT detection algorithm. The method particularly comprises the following steps of: obtaining an oversampled signal sample matrix; calculating average energy of the received signals; calculating associate statistics; calculating detection statistical quantity; and comparing the obtained detection statistical quantity withthe predefined judgment threshold for detection and judgment. By the way of oversampling the received signals to obtain the average energy of the received signals and utilizing the time correlation of the MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) channel in calculation of the statistical quantity, the GLRT detection method based on oversampling disclosed by the invention has better detection performance, is not influenced by the noise variance estimation error and has strong robustness on the noise variance error, compared with the traditional frequency spectrum algorithm.

The invention discloses a space-time correlation GLRT (generalized likehood ratio test) method based on oversampling. The method comprises the following specific steps: acquiring an oversampling signal sample matrix; calculating the average energy of receiving signals; calculating correlative statistic; calculating test statistic; and comparing the obtained test statistic with a preset judgment threshold to perform test judgment. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the average energy of the receiving signals is obtained through oversampling the receiving signals; and in the process of calculating the test statistic, the U calculation correlative statistic is obtained through utilizing the space-time correlation of an MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) channel, namely utilizing the space-time correlation matrix eigen value decomposition of a normalization channel, so that compared with the existing frequency spectrum detection algorithm, the method disclosed by the invention has better detection performance, cannot be affected by noise variance estimation error and has strong robustness to the noise variance estimation error.

This invention relates to an iteration sort statistic decode method for low density odd-even check codes (LDPC), in the process of decoding, a sort statistic decoding method is applied to assist the iteration decode based on the amplitude of the accumulation value of the likelihood ratio output in iteration each time by all variable nodes, namely, the variable nodes output and accumulate the likelihood ratios and the absolute value of the accumulated likelihood ratio is defined as the stability of the current iterated nodes then to sort the columns of the nodes and the check matrixes for ascending order based on the stability and carrying out gauss elimination to the sorted matrixes to generate a matrix combining the system after the gauss eliminatioin and code the sorted two stabilized node information sequences to get a set of code words for selection, if there is no final output for the iteration decode, then the code words for selection with the smallest Euclidean distance are selected and received as the decode output.

Log-likelihood ratios are approximated for encoded bits modulated with a 2^m-ary QAM constellation. Each symbol of the constellation is identified by a respective string of m bits. The log-likelihood ratio of each bit of the m bits is approximated with a product λ of a respective factor by a respective variable D that depends on a received signal and on communication channel characteristics. The approximating includes determining a value of at least one of the variables D using a parametric nonlinear function of an equalized replica ≈ of a respective received signal.

The invention discloses a low-altitude target detection method for a frequency diversity array radar, belonging to the field of phased array radar low-altitude target detection. According to the method, due to the scanning characteristics of an FDA radar, the beam direction of the radar is related to a radial distance and a frequency difference, by introducing a frequency difference between different transmitting elements, a signal-to-noise ratio loss brought by a multipath effect in a low-altitude target environment can be effectively suppressed. Then, a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) method is used to derive an FDA radar low-altitude target detector, and a target detection probability can be effectively improved under a certain false alarm rate. Finally, through the design of sub modules of matrix multiplication, matrix determinant calculation the like, an FDA radar low-altitude target detector is realized in an FPGA hardware platform, and the real-time detection of the FDAradar low-altitude target detection is effectively improved. In summary, according to the method, in a low-altitude target environment, the scanning characteristics of the FDA radar can be used to effectively complete the detection of a low-altitude target, and the method has high practicability in modern warfare.

In an OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) communication system, a receiver comprising an inner forward error correction device, or an inner forward error correction device is provided. Either the inner forward error correction device, or the outer forward error correction device comprises an improved method for deriving a bit log-likelihood ratio derived from a symbol log-likelihood ratio. The method includes the steps of: providing two simplified parameters; and using the two simplified parameters in addition and subtraction only to derive the bit log-likelihood ratio derived from the symbol log-likelihood ratio.

The invention discloses a geographic space abnormal accumulation area scanning statistical method based on interaction force. The method comprises the following steps: based on a selected space adjacency type, establishing a spatial neighbor relation matrix; using a spatial interaction model to measure interaction strength between adjacent objects; based on a deep scan method or a breadth scan method, continuously selecting the adjacent objects whose interaction strength is maximum, and adding the adjacent objects into a candidate accumulation area, until the value of likelihood ratio LR/log-likelihood ratio LLR corresponding to high value anomaly accumulation no longer increases or the value of likelihood ratio LR/log-likelihood ratio LLR corresponding to low value anomaly accumulation no longer reduces or the candidate accumulation area reaches maximum specified dimensions, stopping to add the adding the adjacent objects into the candidate accumulation area; performing Monte Carlo simulation on the plurality of formed candidate accumulation areas, so as to detect an abnormal accumulation area which passes non-stochastic hypothesis testing. The method has stronger detection ability on abnormal accumulation areas which are in irregular shapes, and can easily detect the abnormal accumulation area which includes weak links, and non-abnormal geographic objects would not be included in the detected abnormal accumulation area.

The invention discloses a stable state visual sense induced EEG signal processing method comprising the following steps: 1, using an acquisition system to collect EEG signals of a subject under different visual sense frequency stimulation; 2, processing the EEG signals; 3, using a filter bank to filter the pre-processed EEG signals; 4, using a likelihood ratio calculating method to calculate the likelihood ratio between the filtered EEG signals and different visual sense stimulation frequencies, thus obtaining a likelihood ratio group; 5, finding the visual sense stimulation frequency corresponding to the biggest likelihood ratio from the likelihood ratio group, and finishing EEG signal identification. The stable state visual sense induced EEG signal processing method simultaneously uses the filter bank and the likelihood ratio calculation method so as to solve the problems that existing technology is less in identification object number, thus increasing identification object numbers, and improving EEG signal identification accuracy.

The present invention discloses a sea-surface small target detection method based on front-back revenue reference particle filter which mainly solves the problem that a conventional technology is not suitable for detecting the sea-surface low-speed floating small targets. The method comprises the realization steps of 1) obtaining and partitioning the echo data; 2) selecting a to-be-detected distance unit Sd in an echo data block and dividing the to-be-detected distance unit Sd into the to-be-detected sub-units; 3) calculating the instantaneous frequency curve function estimation of the to-be-detected distance unit Sd; 4) calculating a Doppler steering vector h and the covariance matrix estimation of the k-th to-be-detected sub-unit zk; 5) utilizing the h and the covariance matrix estimation to calculate the generalized likelihood ratio test statistic amount of the sub-unit zk; 6) accumulating the generalized likelihood ratio test statistic amount of all to-be-detected sub-units to obtain the test statistic amount xi k of the to-be-detected distance unit Sd; 7) calculating a detection threshold T xi; 8) comparing the xi k and the T xi to determine the existence of the targets. The sea-surface small target detection method of the present invention enables the radar detection performance to be improved, and can be used to detect the sea-surface floating small targets.

Described embodiments provide a media controller to read data stored in a media. The media controller determines a value for each bit of a shortened codeword from the media. The shortened LDPC codeword includes a plurality of non-shortened bits of a full codeword, where the full codeword includes the plurality of non-shortened bits and one or more shortened bits. Shortened bits correspond to bits unused in the shortened codeword. The media controller converts the determined values for each bit of the shortened codeword into a first set of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) values. The full codeword is decoded using the first set of LLR values for the shortened codeword. If the LDPC decoding fails, the media controller dampens one or more LLR values corresponding to non-shortened bits of the codeword to produce a second set of LLR values and starts a second LDPC decoding trial using the second set of LLR values. The dampening of LLR values includes scaling by a predetermined scaling factor and decreasing their magnitude by a predetermined amount.