The invention belongs to the technical field of heating, and discloses a geothermal multi-energy complementary heat pump heating system and method in northern severe cold areas in winter. The geothermal multi-energy complementary heat pump heating system in northern severe cold areas in winter comprises a wind power supply module, a solar heat collection module, a central control module, a geothermal extraction module, a heat pump parameter setting module, a heating module, a heat pump fault diagnosis module, an early warning notification module, a heat pump dust removal module, a heating module, a temperature monitoring module, a data storage module and a display module. The heat pump fault diagnosis module needs not to perform analysis and calculation to determine fault detection resultsaccording to characteristic spectra every time, and fault detection efficiency of a heat pump is high. Meanwhile, whether heat is accumulated in a heat pump heat exchanger is judged by the heat pumpdust removal module according to operating parameters of the heat pump, so that dust removal operation is triggered, operating frequencies of a fan during dust removal operation is corrected, the dustremoval effect is guaranteed, and heat exchange efficiency of the heat pump is improved.