The invention discloses a multichannel direction-finding receiver calibration system and method based on error modification. The system includes a signal processing module, a storage module, a standard calibration module, a standard calibration antenna and multiple signal receiving assemblies; each signal receiving assembly consists of a wave filter, an amplitude limiter, an SP2T switch, a frequency conversion channel and an ADC module, wherein the frequency conversion channel of one signal receiving assembly is a reference channel, and the frequency conversion channels of other signal receiving assemblies are phase detection channels; the signal processing module is used for controlling generation of signals of a standard calibration source and switchover of the SP2T switches, processingthe received signals, obtaining phase calibration tables at different temperatures and conducting error modification on the phase calibration tables before use every time. The phase calibration tablesof the signal receiving assemblies in which the phase detection channels are located can be generated at different temperatures, error modification is conducted on the phase calibration tables beforeuse, improvement of the phase calibration precision is facilitated, and the direction-finding performance of a receiver is ensured.