The invention provides a self-heating amplification detection device. The self-heating amplification detection device comprises a reaction structure, a detection structure, an intermediate structure, a self-heating structure and a sealing structure. The self-heating amplification detection device can realize self-heating, can perform amplification reaction detection on different samples, and can also improve the safety performance of the device in the reaction process. The invention further provides a preparation method and a use method of the detection device, and the beneficial effects are as described above. The invention further provides a designed nucleic acid detection system, the nucleic acid detection system comprises an extraction device and a detection device, the RPA technology, closed nucleic acid extraction equipment and a self-heating-dependent colloidal gold test card are combined together, so that an extraction reaction system is completely isolated from the external environment, the biological safety problem can be effectively avoided while the detection time is saved by means of closed normal-temperature amplification, nucleic acid detection can be completely separated from large-scale instruments and equipment, and the on-site detection target of sampling while detecting is realized.