The invention provides a method and device for reading and processing raster data, and relates to the technical field of space information services. The method comprises the following steps of separating a buffer into N buffer raster blocks in a server in advance, wherein the N buffer raster blocks are used for storing data of the N raster blocks; according toiming at the N buffer raster blocks, building a memory database, and generating a corresponding memory recording table, wherein the memory recording table is used for recording the use information of each buffer raster block; then, receiving a request for reading raster data from a client; and inquiring the memory recording table to judge whether the requested raster block data exist or not, wherein, if the requested raster block data exist, reading the raster block data are read from the buffer raster blocks and returneding the raster block data to the client, and if the requested raster block data do not exist, extracting the corresponding raster block data are extracted from a disc, and are storeding the corresponding raster block data into an empty buffer raster block or are alternatively selecteding to enter one buffer raster block, updating the records in the memory are updated, and returning the raster block data are returned to the client. The method and the device have the advantages that the processing efficiency of the raster data is improved, and the system resource is saved.