The invention discloses a radar multi-target tracking optimization method based on the chaotic neural network. The method is mainly characterized in that state one-step prediction of a tth target at the k time, measurement prediction of the tth target at the k time, the measurement prediction information of a j'th measurement for the tth target at the k time, a one-step prediction error covariance matrix of the tth target at the k time, an information covariance matrix of the tth target at the k time, Kalman gain of the tth target at the k time, an nk*T'-dimension measurement-target association matrix at the k time, an (nk+1)*T'-dimension effective likelihood function matrix of association of nk meausurements and T' targets at the k time, an (nk+1)*T'-dimension normalization matrix of association of the nk meausurements and the T' targets at the k time, an (nk+1)*T'-dimension accurate probability matrix of association of the nk meausurements and the T' targets at the k time, a state equation of the tth target at the k time and an error covariance matrix of the tth target at the k time are sequentially calculated; the t is respectively made to be 1 to T', the error covariance matrix of the T'th targets at the k time is acquired, and real-time tracking for the T'th targets is carried out by a radar according to the error covariance matrix of the T'th targets at the k time.