67 results about "Decision cycle" patented technology

The invention provides a rice irrigation online learning forecasting method and system, the method is realized according to a pre-constructed physical mechanism-neural network hybrid model based on physical mechanism model prediction and neural network error correction fusion, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, obtaining real-time environment data of a current decision period of a target rice field; s2, on the basis of the real-time environment data of the current decision period, forecasting a paddy field water layer depth predicted value of the next decision period through a physical mechanism-neural network hybrid model, and generating an irrigation drainage forecast in combination with a crop irrigation drainage mode; s3, real-time environment data of the target rice field in the next decision period after irrigation drainage forecast is executed are obtained, training samples are constructed and put into an experience playback pool, and the physical mechanism-neural network hybrid model executes online learning based on the experience playback pool; and S4, when the next decision cycle starts, returning to S2 until a preset stop condition is met.

The invention discloses an electric vehicle charging station recommendation method based on multi-agent reinforcement learning and user preference, and the method comprises the following steps: S1.1, constructing a dynamic intelligent electric vehicle charging station recommendation (EVCSR) frame based on a Markov decision process (MDP), determining a decision period, a state space, an action set, a reward function and a state-action transition probability of the frame, according to the electric vehicle charging station recommendation method based on multi-agent reinforcement learning and user preference, through an integrated framework, the problems that a traditional method is insufficient in individual demand, weak in multi-vehicle cooperation and low in high-dimensional state decision-making efficiency are effectively solved, the accuracy, the real-time performance and the user experience of electric vehicle charging station recommendation under the urban scale are remarkably improved, and the method is suitable for popularization and application. And support can be provided for charging facility optimization and power grid dispatching.

The invention relates to a ground penetrating radar parameter optimization and general survey method for highway subgrade condition detection. The method comprises four core modules: one is ground penetrating radar parameter optimization configuration, and automatic parameter correction during medium change is realized through static basic configuration and dynamic adaptive adjustment in combination with real-time sensing and PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) control; the second method is rapid general survey execution, traffic flow, pavement vision and historical disease data are fused, a route is optimized through a Dijkstra algorithm, and abnormity is judged through multi-feature fusion; thirdly, imaging processing is optimized, multi-layer medium correction time delay imaging and complex disease classification imaging are provided, and the deep disease recognition rate is increased; and fourthly, maintenance decision linkage is realized, the disease level and priority are quantified, the maintenance scheme is automatically output, and the decision period is shortened. The method solves the problems of poor dynamic adaptation, difficulty in complex disease identification and disjunction in decision making in the prior art, has been verified in multiple sections, and is suitable for highway subgrade disease full-chain monitoring and maintenance.

The invention relates to the technical field of Internet of Things data processing, in particular to a multi-modal data real-time processing method for an Internet of Things gateway, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining multi-source operation data, and packaging the multi-source operation data into a standard operation data set; obtaining high-bandwidth modal data in the standard operation data set; when the maximum link delay time is greater than a preset delay abnormal threshold value, obtaining a version effective fingerprint of the target model and a local model fingerprint; when a model version abnormity diagnosis result is obtained, calculating information redundancy; obtaining correction delay time, and comparing the correction delay time with a preset normal reference delay interval; and when the correction delay time is greater than or equal to the upper limit value of the normal reference delay interval, adjusting the current decision period. By monitoring delay in real time, diagnosing consistency of model versions, eliminating redundant information and executing link adjustment, accurate processing of high-bandwidth modal data is realized, and real-time performance and reliability of Internet of Things gateway data processing are improved.

The invention provides a building industry finance and tax compliance digital evidence chain integrated platform which is deployed based on a cloud computing architecture and comprises a distributed server cluster, a network communication module and a database storage system. By constructing the integrated digital platform, fundamental efficiency improvement and risk management and control reinforcement of finance and taxation management in the building industry are realized, the platform enables a data acquisition process to be highly automatic, manual repeated entry work is greatly eliminated, financial personnel are liberated from tedious account checking, and the financial personnel are greatly improved. The compliance check module based on a rule engine and artificial intelligence can perform real-time and comprehensive automatic analysis on all transaction data, significantly improves the identification accuracy and timeliness of potential compliance risks, realizes instant alarm, converts passive risk response into active risk response, and improves the risk handling efficiency. Compared with a traditional manual mode, the data processing speed is improved in order of magnitude, the monthly checkout and report generation time is greatly shortened, the enterprise decision cycle is remarkably accelerated, and the overall operation efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a multi-robot path coordination system based on reinforcement learning, and the system comprises a state collection module which is used for collecting the operation state and environment perception information of each robot, and generating an original data set; the state modeling module is used for constructing local state representation for each robot in each decision period; the opponent perception module is used for executing opponent learning perception training and outputting opponent parameter estimation vectors; the improved LOLA module is used for generating a final estimation result on the basis of self-strategy updating of the traditional LOLA; the strategy updating module is used for correcting the updating direction of the reinforcement learning strategy of the local machine and generating a feasible action set; the arbitration decision module is used for executing arbitration solution in combination with the candidate path action distribution to generate a scheduling result; and the execution feedback module is used for issuing the control action to a robot executor for execution, generating a path coordination result and storing the path coordination result. According to the invention, path coordination of multiple robots is realized.

The invention relates to a self-adaptive agent decision framework training method with dynamic environment perception capability, which comprises the following steps of: 1, collecting multi-modal sensor data in parallel, and carrying out hardware-level preprocessing on the collected data; step 2, based on the data preprocessed in the step 1, performing dynamic security boundary driven real-time feature extraction to obtain security boundary coordinates; 3, based on the safety boundary coordinates obtained in the step 2, generating an execution action strategy in a decision period; and 4, based on the action strategy generated in the step 3, constructing a feedback closed loop of the distributed execution framework, and realizing real-time closed loop optimization. According to the method, the core requirements of scenes such as mobile robot navigation and intelligent industrial control on autonomous decision-making safety and real-time performance are met.

The invention belongs to the technical field of automatic driving, and particularly relates to an automatic driving decision-making method and device fusing lane dynamic evaluation and safety indexes and a medium. Real-time collision risks are calculated by collecting dynamic data of a vehicle and surrounding vehicles, multi-lane traffic flow data are collected under triggering of specific requirements, and characteristics such as density, speed and flow are extracted; and a lane basic passage score is calculated by fusing the flow and the large vehicle influence, and correction is carried out by combining the lane changing intention of surrounding vehicles to obtain a dynamic lane evaluation result. And constructing a multi-objective decision function based on the safety index and the lane evaluation result, and finally generating and selecting a trajectory with the minimum comprehensive cost value in a decision period for execution. According to the invention, collaborative evaluation of the vehicle close-range safety risk and the lane passing potential is realized, and the lane evaluation can reflect the traffic flow interaction influence. The driving efficiency and the lane adaptability are optimized, and the decision-making ability of the automatic driving system in the traffic environment is improved.

The invention provides a hierarchical man-machine cooperation multi-target dynamic job shop scheduling method, and relates to the field of man-machine cooperation dynamic scheduling. On the basis of a hierarchical collaborative reinforcement learning framework, a high-dimensional global scheduling problem is decomposed into a plurality of low-dimensional sub-problems by dynamically partitioning a job set and allocating robot resources through a high-layer agent in a decision-making period, and the sub-problems are processed by the low-layer agent in parallel; two-tuple actions of a process selection rule and a processing mode selection rule of the process selection rule are quickly generated for the responsible stations in each time step and are verified, and the state space dimension needing to be processed by the reinforcement learning agent is remarkably compressed. Besides, a proposed target sharing type collaborative mechanism ensures that global multi-target weight parameters calculated by a high-level agent guide local decision of a low-level agent in real time, the deviation between a local optimization target and a global target is effectively reduced, the problem of multi-agent target splitting is solved, and the multi-target collaborative optimization capability is improved.

The invention discloses an Internet of Vehicles cooperative unloading method based on hybrid action deep reinforcement learning, and relates to the technical field of Internet of Vehicles and mobile edge computing. In order to solve the technical problem of joint optimization of unloading target selection and resource allocation, the problem is modeled as a Markov decision process, and a mixed action soft actor-commentator (HA-SAC) algorithm is provided for solving; the core is that a multi-head strategy network outputs discrete actions and continuous actions at the same time in a decision period. A centralized training and decentralized execution architecture is adopted, and the value network receiving the global state guides the intelligent agent which only depends on the local state to make decisions to learn; compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the precision loss caused by action space discretization is avoided, the task completion time delay is obviously reduced, and the robustness and the adaptive decision-making capability of the system in a highly dynamic network environment are enhanced.

The invention discloses an electric vehicle charging station cooperative scheduling and dynamic regulation and control method based on a space-time demand gradient. The method comprises the following steps: step 1) obtaining space-time characteristics of a charging station; 2) based on historical operation characteristics, classifying the charging stations according to the utilization rate; 3) based on the time-space characteristics of the charging stations, predicting the future short-term coincidence rate of each type of charging stations to obtain the future short-term coincidence rate of the charging stations; if the future short-term coincidence rate of the charging station is greater than a preset threshold value, entering a step 4), otherwise, returning to the step 1) after T time; 4) calculating a space transfer identifier; 5) calculating the total demand transfer amount of each charging station by using a double-pressure module, and 6) solving the MPC-based multi-target rolling optimization model in a rolling manner in each decision period, and generating and executing an electricity price adjustment strategy and a vehicle guiding strategy. The time-space equilibrium distribution of the charging coincidence rate is realized, the congestion is effectively relieved, and the comprehensive benefit of the system is improved.

The invention provides a method for realizing an intelligent non-player character in an interactive game, which relates to the field of data processing and comprises the following steps of: packaging a decision intention into an immutable action package in a predefined decision period and placing the action package in a time domain trusteeship queue to realize time decoupling of a decision and a runtime load; the world state projection is divided into an opaque decision phase and a reconciliation phase, the decision phase only exposes the event category projection and the historical abstract, and the reconciliation phase reflows detailed trigger details in an independent window for posteriori maintenance but does not backtrack submitted actions; submission follows an atomization criterion and the submitted abstract does not contain time information; during resource contention, accumulating in response to a debt, and repaying through display shaping on the premise of not exposing a time sequence so as to keep the semantic consistency of main games; the posterior processing updates the action banks and event mappings offline based on the backflow details to improve subsequent decisions.

The present application relates to the field of intelligent agricultural planting management technology, in particular to a method for intelligent agricultural planting water and fertilizer integration decision optimization based on big data, comprising: obtaining multi-source heterogeneous agricultural big data of a target planting area, including soil moisture, meteorological observation, crop growth image and historical water and fertilizer records; separating the associated soil, meteorological and crop phenotype feature fields through space-time fusion and feature extraction; and constructing a dynamic water and fertilizer state space model. The real-time observation data and the model prediction data are assimilated, the hidden state variables are iteratively corrected to obtain high-confidence farmland state data, the model is run forward to simulate the evolution trajectory under different water and fertilizer strategies in multiple decision cycles, and the optimal water and fertilizer decision scheme is obtained through optimization solution. The method realizes the correlation modeling of multi-source agricultural data and the dynamic calibration of farmland state, completes the water and fertilizer decision optimization through multi-cycle trajectory simulation optimization, and adapts to the dynamic water and fertilizer regulation and control requirements of farmland.

The invention provides a military plotting-based auxiliary tactical calculation and decision-making system, and belongs to the technical field of computers. Comprising a data processing and acquisition module, a plotting system development module, a tactical calculation model module, a decision support system module, a communication and network technology module, a man-machine interaction module, a security and encryption technology module and a continuous improvement and optimization module. The system provided by the invention improves the decision-making efficiency, greatly improves the decision-making efficiency of a commander through automatic and intelligent data processing, tactical analysis and decision-making suggestion, shortens the decision-making period, carries out data analysis and tactical prediction by using an advanced artificial intelligence technology, can provide a more accurate and reliable decision-making basis, and improves the decision-making efficiency of the commander. Dynamic analysis and adjustment can be carried out according to real-time battlefield data, it is ensured that a commander can make a decision according to the latest situation, and the real-time performance and accuracy of the decision are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas field exploration and development, in particular to a while-drilling hydrogen and helium real-time detection and logging comprehensive evaluation method for a helium-containing natural gas reservoir. According to the technical scheme, the while-drilling hydrogen and helium real-time detection and logging comprehensive evaluation method for the helium-containing natural gas reservoir comprises the working process of the while-drilling hydrogen and helium real-time detection and logging comprehensive evaluation method; according to the invention, a high-precision hydrogen helium detection mass spectrometer and logging equipment are integrated, through mechanical installation optimization, automatic calibration and pre-drilling simulation test, the detection precision and data timeliness are significantly improved, a helium concentration vertical profile can be obtained in real time, lithologic changes and helium enrichment horizon can be dynamically identified, and the reliability of the system is improved. An instant basis is provided for well drilling parameter adjustment and gas testing interval selection, and the decision-making period is effectively shortened.

The invention discloses a national defense mobilization digital intelligence platform system and method, and relates to the technical field of national defense mobilization digital intelligence. Comprising a data acquisition and preprocessing module, a federated learning data governance module, a block chain evidence storage and intelligent contract module, a mobilization demand analysis module, a potential resource modeling module, a generative AI plan generation module, a digital twinborn drill and evaluation module, a task allocation and execution monitoring module and a system management and maintenance module. According to the method, military data security collaboration is realized through federal learning and the block chain, model training is completed on the premise of not sharing original data, and resource matching efficiency is improved while data privacy is guaranteed; the generative AI automatically generates a plan and quantitatively evaluates the drilling effect through digital twinning, traditional manual deduction is replaced, the decision-making period is shortened, and the method adapts to a dynamic mobilization scene; the digital twinborn drilling is combined with an evaluation formula, the training effect is converted from qualitative description to quantitative calculation, the training short board is accurately positioned, and the training efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to artificial intelligence, and discloses an agent collaborative navigation method based on communication suggestions, and the method comprises the following steps: each agent obtains current local observation, and receives communication input at the last moment-1; generating a communication graph of the communication connection state between the intelligent agents based on the neighborhood relation at the previous moment and the current local observation and opinion set; adding with motion to generate a joint observation feature; inputting a strategy network, and outputting a current action and an action opinion; and the intelligent agent executes actions to push system state evolution, receives rewards fed back by the environment to obtain new local observation and communication input, and enters a next decision cycle. According to the method, the communication suggestions and the action suggestions are introduced, so that the self-adaptive selection of the communication relationship between the intelligent agents and the dynamic coordination of the behavior decision are realized, and the overall coordination and safety of a group are improved while the information transmission efficiency is ensured.

The invention discloses a heating ventilation air conditioning system intelligent control method and system based on reinforcement learning and genetic algorithm hierarchical collaboration. The method comprises the steps that an intelligent agent based on reinforcement learning is established, and an optimizer based on a genetic algorithm is established; acquiring a state vector of the HVAC system including historical, current and future prediction information in each decision cycle; the intelligent agent of reinforcement learning obtains strategic actions including equipment operation combination selection and macroscopic regulation and control targets according to the state vector; and taking the strategic action as a hard constraint condition, and carrying out iterative optimization on a genetic algorithm optimizer of the tactical optimization layer within a constraint range by utilizing an agent model to obtain an optimal real-time operation parameter combination so as to control the HVAC system. According to the method, the complex control problem is decomposed, the decision-making efficiency and the energy-saving effect of the control system are remarkably improved, unpredicted load sudden change can be effectively dealt with, and efficient and stable operation of the HVAC system is achieved.

This invention discloses a CPU dynamic frequency adjustment method based on multi-level load detection, comprising the following steps: S1, creating three load detection tasks and setting their priorities among different priority levels of real-time operating system tasks; S2, setting different decision cycles for the business characteristics of tasks with different priorities; S3, obtaining the idle level of the corresponding priority task group by detecting whether the three load detection tasks can be scheduled for execution; S4, adjusting the CPU frequency according to the idle level of different priority task groups. By setting load detection tasks among different priority levels of tasks, fine-grained monitoring is achieved, ensuring timely frequency increase for high-priority tasks when resources are insufficient to guarantee real-time performance. The differentiated decision cycle enables millisecond-level rapid response to sudden business events, and the precise perception of load conditions at each level achieves optimal frequency reduction to maximize energy saving, thus achieving a balance between real-time performance assurance and energy efficiency optimization.

The invention relates to the technical field of computers, and discloses a new energy data asset panoramic visualization system, which comprises an asset data aggregation module used for accessing and fusing spatio-temporal data streams from a production monitoring system, a meteorological service platform and a project management database of new energy assets in real time; and the panoramic cognition and modeling module is connected with the asset data aggregation module and is used for constructing a continuous space-time efficiency field representing an expected asset efficiency value of any geographic coordinate at any moment based on the holographic data pool. Multi-source data are integrated through the asset data aggregation module to form a holographic data pool, support is provided for panoramic cognitive modeling, and deep understanding of asset operation rules is realized; the autonomous strategy discovery module depends on causal features, generates an interpretable optimization strategy through meta-learning, and breaks a traditional strategy short board; and the decision verification and closed-loop execution module pushes the system to continuously iterate to construct a self-improved decision cycle.

The invention discloses a digital intelligent agent construction method and system for shortening a power supply index decision period. The method comprises the following steps: cleaning, aligning and fusing power supply service data; receiving a request input by a user in a natural language, and performing semantic analysis on the natural language request to identify a user intention; retrieving and fusing multi-source data related to the intention from the processed data according to the identified user intention; based on the intelligent diagnosis model, performing quantitative evaluation and anomaly diagnosis on the retrieved and fused multi-source data to generate a diagnosis result; according to the diagnosis result, matching a recommended governance strategy from a preset solution knowledge base, and performing quantitative pre-evaluation on the implementation effect of the recommended governance strategy; and outputting the multi-mode response content, and tracking the actual index change to complete the management closed loop. According to the method, the decision-making efficiency of the power supply indexes is improved by constructing a full-process automatic decision-making system of data intelligent fusion, intention driving, intelligent diagnosis and closed-loop feedback.

This application relates to a congestion control method and a traffic splitter system for lossless networks. The method includes: collecting the queue depth of each output port; comparing the queue depth with a congestion threshold to determine the congestion state, where the congestion state includes multiple congestion levels corresponding to a set of linked response parameters; obtaining cache depth configuration parameters and traffic splitting weights from the linked response parameter set based on the current congestion level, with the two jointly generated within the same decision cycle and inversely correlated for the same output port; performing cache depth adjustment, scheduling priority adjustment, and traffic allocation based on the linked response parameter set; statistically analyzing the packet loss rate change within the evaluation window after the adjustment action, and upgrading the congestion level and re-jointly deciding when the adjustment is ineffective. This application couples the decisions of caching, scheduling, and traffic splitting into an inseparable joint generation process through the linked response parameter set, and drives inter-stage jumps with closed-loop feedback, reducing packet loss caused by micro-burst traffic in high convergence ratio scenarios.

The invention provides a programmable data plane flooding suppression method and system based on near-end strategy optimization. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring state parameters of a data plane and reporting the state parameters to a control plane; updating a state space of a near-end strategy optimization PPO intelligent agent in the control plane based on the state parameters of the data plane, selecting an action for finely adjusting the flow monitoring module from a preset action space by the PPO intelligent agent based on the updated state space in each decision period, and issuing the action to the flow monitoring module; wherein the action aims at a dynamic parameter of a traffic supervision module, and a reward function of the PPO intelligent agent is constructed based on a message proportion marked by the traffic supervision module; and the flow monitoring module updates dynamic parameters of the flow monitoring module according to the action issued by the control plane, and the updated flow monitoring module is used for carrying out flooding suppression on the message entering the data plane.

The invention relates to a system and method for real game and video stream switching. Various embodiments may receive a game value selection to initiate a first game value in a first execution instance of a card game event. The graphical user interface may provide a virtual game area and a plurality of sub-game icons associated with a card game event. A decision cycle time may be set for the duration of the game event. The decision cycle time defines a time window for making game decisions during execution instances of the card game event. In some examples, a second decision cycle time may be set to define a time window for playing the game between execution instances of the card game event.

The present disclosure relates to a system 102 and a method 600 for controlling a vehicle-connected digital assistant. The method 600 comprises determining 602 that a first coordinate value of first curvature data lies within a first predefined range, determining 604 whether a value of map-based curvature data in a previous interaction decision cycle lies within a second predefined range, and activating 606A the digital assistant to control the vehicle if the value lies within the second predefined range. If the value does not lie within the second predefined range, the method 600 comprises activating 606B the digital assistant by predicting that a second coordinate value of second curvature data lies within a third predefined range.Therefore, System 102 and Procedure 600 ensure continuous and accurate vehicle control and avoid frequent deactivations and inconsistencies of existing systems.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery management, in particular to a dynamic balance control method and system for multiple battery modules of an electronic cigarette, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining an optimal chromosome in a control period based on a genetic algorithm; the optimal chromosome comprises a plurality of control instructions, and the first control instruction is executed in each decision period; the encoding structure of the equilibrium control sequence comprises a high-precision gene segment which covers the initial range of the control cycle, is composed of a plurality of high-precision genes and divides the control cycle into gene segments with high, medium and low different precisions, and is used for fine control of the short term and macroscopic planning of the long term. According to the method, the battery state is optimized, then a rolling reconstruction mechanism is combined, smooth inheritance of historical optimization information is achieved, the contradiction that in real-time control of a traditional genetic algorithm, precision and computing power are difficult to consider at the same time is ingeniously solved, and fast, accurate and prospective optimization control over the battery state is achieved while the operation complexity is greatly reduced.

The application relates to the technical field of scheduling optimization, and discloses a vehicle scheduling optimization method and system fusing a multi-scale space-time graph and hierarchical reinforcement learning, a terminal and a storage medium.The method comprises the following steps: constructing a global space-time graph and vehicle local representation; constructing a macro-control signal and a micro-action intention under different time scales respectively; generating a limited candidate set based on the micro-action intention, screening the limited candidate set under the feasibility rules consistent with the low-layer decision, and constructing a three-part graph; based on the three-part graph, the limited candidate set in the same decision cycle is subjected to conflict resolution and global correction to generate an executable scheduling instruction at the current time. According to the application, the regional situation and vehicle local interaction information are obtained through cross-scale representation, the macro-control signal is generated by the high layer to guide the low layer to generate the action intention, and the centralized correction mechanism is introduced to eliminate the multi-vehicle conflict and correct the feasibility, so that the invalid driving and charging waiting are reduced, and the scheduling task completion efficiency and service balance are improved.

The application discloses a bidirectional feedback type special asset intelligent recommendation method and system fusing risk assessment factors. The method realizes accurate, safe and efficient recommendation of special assets by constructing an asset and investor portrait containing risk factors, fusing risk assessment factors, intelligent matching and recommendation algorithms, a bidirectional feedback mechanism and model optimization, and recommendation result explanation and risk prompt. The application can significantly improve recommendation accuracy and safety, shorten the decision-making cycle, optimize asset liquidity, enhance user trust, and realize system self-adaptation and intelligence.

The application relates to artificial intelligence and discloses an intelligent agent cooperative navigation method based on communication opinions, which comprises the following steps: each intelligent agent acquires a current local observation and receives a communication input at a previous time t-1; a communication graph of an inter-agent communication connection state is generated based on a neighborhood relationship at a previous time, the current local observation and an opinion set; a joint observation feature is generated by adding movement; the joint observation feature is input into a strategy network to output a current time action and an action opinion; the intelligent agent executes the action to promote system state evolution, receives an environment feedback reward to acquire a new local observation and a communication input, and enters a next decision cycle. By introducing the communication opinions and the action opinions, the application realizes adaptive selection of an inter-agent communication relationship and dynamic cooperation of behavior decision-making, so that the information transmission efficiency is ensured, and the overall coordination and safety of the group are improved.

The invention provides an online car-hailing order matching method and system capable of dynamically adjusting a pick-up range, and the method comprises the steps: taking the pick-up range as a distance constraint parameter for limiting the formation of a matching relation between an order and a driver, and carrying out the screening of potential matching relations according to the pick-up range; in a driving range decision-making period of the coarse time granularity, based on a platform supply and demand state, historical operation information and a business constraint condition, decision-making input is constructed, reasoning is performed through a large language model, and the driving range is dynamically adjusted; and in an order dispatching period with relatively fine time granularity, under the constraint of the receiving range, completing a one-to-one matching decision between an order and a driver based on a matching optimization algorithm, and executing order dispatching. According to the invention, by introducing the pick-up range as a dynamically adjustable decision variable, adaptive control of the order matching space scale and structure is realized, so that the platform can flexibly balance the order completion rate, the driver pick-up cost and the passenger waiting experience under different supply and demand conditions.