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192 results about "Genetic Materials" patented technology

Genetic material. Definition. noun. The genetic material of a cell or an organism refers to those materials found in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm, which play a fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of cell substances, and capable of self-propagating and variation.

Application of brassica napus BnaA08G0167600WE gene in enhancing pod shattering resistance of brassica napus

The invention relates to the field of agricultural bioengineering, in particular to application of an oilseed rape BnaA08G0167600WE gene in enhancing pod shattering resistance of oilseed rape. According to the invention, after a transgenic plant is constructed in oilseed rape by utilizing a modern biotechnological means and the oilseed rape gene BnaA08G0167600WE is knocked out, the silique of the mutant is not easy to crack compared with a wild type under the action of external force, and a separation layer and a wood layer of the cross section of the silique of the mutant have more cell connections compared with the wild type, so that the yield of the mutant is improved. And the generation of the mutants provides an important genetic material for further researching the function of the gene and the effect of the gene in the rape.
Owner:ZHEJIANG UNIV

AI-driven enhancement of motion blurred sequencing images

Artificial intelligence driven enhancement of motion blurred sequencing images enables enhanced sequencing that determines a sequence of bases in genetic material with any one or more of: improved performance, improved accuracy, and / or reduced cost. A training set of images taken after unreduced and reduced movement settling times during sequencing is used to train a neural network to enable the neural network to recover enhanced images, as if taken after the unreduced movement settling time, from unenhanced images taken after the reduced movement settling time.
Owner:ILLUMINA INC

Application of the apple MdWRI1 gene in regulating wax content in plant fruits and leaves

ActiveCN120118946BIncrease wax contentReduced wax contentBacteriaMicroorganism based processesBiotechnologyNucleotide
This invention discloses the application of the apple MdWRI1 gene in regulating the wax content of apple fruits and leaves, belonging to the field of plant genetic engineering technology. This invention isolates an MdWRI1 gene with high expression levels in apple varieties with high wax content, its nucleotide sequence of which is shown in SEQ ID NO.1. Subcellular localization revealed that the transcription factor expressing the MdWRI1 gene is located in the cell nucleus. Experimental results show that overexpression of the MdWRI1 gene can significantly increase the wax content of apple fruits and leaves by promoting wax biosynthesis, indicating that the MdWRI1 gene plays a key role in regulating the wax content of apple fruits and leaves. This invention provides an efficient and rapid approach for apple breeding, provides genetic material for improving apple quality, and has broad application prospects in improving the economic and ecological benefits of apple cultivation.
Owner:QINGDAO AGRI UNIV +1

Method and device for storing human DNA using the minus 196° temperature in space

The invention relates to a vessel for the long-term storage of DNA in space at a constant temperature of -196 °C. The aim is to protect biological samples – especially DNA – for decades to centuries from the extreme environmental conditions of space, including vacuum, intense radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations and mechanical stresses. The vessel has a three-layered structure: 1. Inner chamber made of boron nitrogen nanotubes (BNNTs) that offer outstanding protection against cosmic radiation, high mechanical strength, chemical inertness and temperature resistance. 2. Middle insulating layer made of aerogel that minimizes heat exchange and keeps the cryogenic temperature constant. 3. Outer protective layer made of titanium, which protects against micrometeorites, It protects against physical impacts and corrosion. Technical advantages: • Long-term stability of DNA through consistently low temperatures. • Effective radiation protection against cosmic and solar radiation. • Excellent thermal insulation thanks to aerogel. • Mechanical robustness due to titanium. Areas of application: • Securing and archiving genetic material for research, space travel and long-term preservation. • Provision of DNA for future scientific or biological restoration projects. Special feature: The capsule is compact, space-compatible, and can be used as part of space missions, space stations, or interplanetary projects.
Owner:ALIENWORKS SA

Duchenne muscular dystrophy-related exonic splicing enhancer, sgRNA and gene editing tool, and applications

A duchenne muscular dystrophy-related exonic splicing enhancer, sgRNA and gene editing tool can be applied in the preparation of drugs for treating duchenne muscular dystrophy. The gene editing tool designed on the basis of cytosine deaminase AID mutants and Cas9 mutants can perform site-specific modification on a mammalian genome by using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector. By optimizing an encoding nucleic acid sequence and an element composition structure of the editing tool, site-specific targeted modification of mammalian genetic material DNA can be efficiently achieved; and by performing targeted genetic manipulation on the nucleic acid sequence carrying disease mutations, a pathogenic mutation cannot be retained in a mature protein amino acid sequence or the pathogenic mutation cannot perform its function, so that the purpose of treating various gene mutation type genetic rare diseases is achieved, and the advantages of high efficiency, safety and stability are achieved.
Owner:WESTLAKE UNIV

Hybrid nanocarrier system

PCT designated stageWO2026089702A1Organic chemistryPharmaceutical delivery mechanismDiseaseRaman imaging
The invention relates to a hybrid nanocarrier system comprising engineered metal nanoparticles (MeNP), a flavonoid (Fl), a Raman-active molecule (RAM), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), genetic material (GM), and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), designed for use in fields such as gene therapy, cancer treatment, chemotherapy, treatment of genetic diseases, innovative vaccine technologies, the production of innovative antibiotics for antibacterial and antimicrobial therapies, drug delivery, the dietary supplement market, Raman imaging systems, biotechnological applications, and the agrochemical industry.
Owner:ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ STRATEJİ GELİŞTİRME DAİRE BAŞKANLIĞI

Humanized rodents expressing heavy chains containing the VL domain

PendingJP2026137865AHeavy chainGenetic Materials
To provide a humanized rodent that expresses a heavy chain containing a VL domain. [Solution] A non-human animal, tissue, cell, and genetic material is provided which includes a modification of an endogenous non-human heavy chain immunoglobulin sequence and contains functional ADAM6 activity in a rodent (e.g., mouse), wherein the non-human animal rearranges the human immunoglobulin light chain gene segment in relation to the heavy chain constant domain and expresses an immunoglobulin-like molecule which contains a human immunoglobulin light chain variable domain fused to the heavy chain constant domain and is a cognitive of a human immunoglobulin light chain variable domain fused to the light chain constant domain.
Owner:REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS INC

PDCoV-S1 recombinant protein antigen as well as preparation method and vaccine thereof

The invention discloses a PDCoV-S1 recombinant protein antigen as well as a preparation method and a vaccine thereof, and belongs to the technical field of recombinant protein vaccines. The amino acid sequence of the PDCoV-S1 recombinant protein antigen disclosed by the invention is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; the nucleotide sequence of the PDCoV-S1 recombinant protein antigen is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The vaccine provided by the invention only contains recombinant PDCoV-S1 protein and does not contain genetic materials of viruses, so that all risks of virus replication, virulence reversion or gene recombination are fundamentally avoided. Live viruses do not need to be operated in the production process, so that the biological safety risk and the requirement on the production environment are greatly reduced. The constructed stable CHO engineering cell strain is combined with a serum-free suspension culture technology, so that high-density, large-scale and standardized production of the PDCoV-S1 protein can be realized in a bioreactor. The production process is stable and reliable, the batch-to-batch consistency is good, and the uncertainty and volatility caused by the virus culture link of the traditional vaccine are overcome.
Owner:INNER MONGOLIA HUAXI BIOTECH

SbASR4 gene for regulating plant salt stress tolerance and application thereof

The invention discloses a SbASR4 gene for regulating and controlling plant salt stress tolerance as well as an encoding protein and application thereof. The SbASR4 gene is derived from Sorghum baicola, and the encoded protein is simultaneously positioned in a cell membrane and a cell nucleus, does not have transcriptional activation activity, and is a negative regulation factor of plant salt stress response. The overexpression of the gene can significantly increase the sensitivity of the plant to salt and ABA, and the silence or knockout of the gene can greatly improve the salt tolerance of the plant. Mechanism research shows that the SbASR4 protein directly interacts with an SOS signal channel core kinase SOS2 in a plant body, and the SOS channel is negatively regulated through the interaction, so that the expression of a downstream ion transport gene is inhibited. The invention provides a method for improving the salt tolerance of plants by reducing the expression of SbASR4 or destroying the interaction of SbASR4 and SOS2, related genetic materials and products, and a brand new target and an effective strategy are provided for salt-resistant breeding of crops.
Owner:SHANXI AGRI UNIV

Centrifuge tube set for extracting nucleic acid of penaeus vannamei

The utility model belongs to the technical field of genetic material extraction appliance, concretely relates to special centrifugal tube suit of south American white prawn nucleic acid extraction, including the pipe body, the top threaded connection of pipe body has the pipe cap, the position department of pipe body outer wall is close to the fixed setting of mounting ring of top, the outer wall of pipe cap is below the sliding ring of mounting ring and is connected with the damping sliding, the position department of mounting ring bottom close to the outside edge is hinged with four upper articulated rods at equal intervals, the top of sliding ring is hinged with the lower articulated rod of corresponding position of upper articulated rod, and the corresponding upper articulated rod is hinged with the lower articulated rod between setting articulated assembly. The utility model places the pipe body on the test tube rack through the amplitude of the lower articulated rod and the upper articulated rod protruding from the outside of the pipe body to support the pipe body, so that the pipe body can be adapted to different diameter types of test tube racks, increase the types of centrifugal tubes that can be adapted to test tube racks, facilitate the use of centrifugal tubes, and at the same time, reduce the types of test tube racks that need to be purchased, and reduce the cost of purchasing test tube racks.
Owner:NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Method for identifying sex antagonistic hot spot region on pig autosomes and application thereof

The present application relates to a method for identifying a sex antagonistic hotspot region on a pig autosomal chromosome and application thereof. The method provided by the present application comprises the following specific steps: constructing a hybrid population F0, F1, F2 three generations, genome sequencing and SNP identification, transmission tracking of genetic material in the hybrid population pedigree, and identifying a sex antagonistic hotspot region. The method of the present application identifies that the Chr3:121M window is a sex ratio directional regulation molecular marker that is beneficial to the generation of male offspring in the Large White / Mini pig genotype individual. According to the method of the present application, the pig population sex can be predicted and regulated, and by screening and optimal mating of the genotype of the parent before mating, a plurality of generations is obtained by continuous cross without introducing exogenous blood relationship, so that the maximum value of the proportion of the genotype beneficial to the male or female is achieved under the condition that all genotypes of each generation are retained at the population level, and then the dynamic regulation of the sex ratio of the offspring pig population is achieved.
Owner:KUNMING INST OF ZOOLOGY CHINESE ACAD OF SCI +1

Composition for delivering functional substance and uses thereof

The present invention relates to a composition for delivering functional substances and uses thereof. The composition for delivering functional substances using non-vesicular extracellular particles according to the present invention can effectively load genetic materials such as proteins, mRNA, and / or pDNA and efficiently deliver same to cells, and thus can be used as a pharmaceutical composition or a functional cosmetic composition for treating diseases.
Owner:SHIFTBIO INC

Recombinant duck plague virus protein combination, subunit vaccine as well as preparation method and application of subunit vaccine

PendingCN121494943AViral antigen ingredientsVirus peptidesNucleotidePartial antigen
The invention discloses a recombinant duck plague virus protein combination, a subunit vaccine as well as a preparation method and application of the subunit vaccine, and belongs to the technical field of vaccine preparation. According to the technical scheme, the recombinant duck plague virus protein combination comprises recombinant gE protein and recombinant gI protein; the amino acid sequence of the recombinant gE protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the recombinant gI protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. The nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule for coding the recombinant gE protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule for coding the recombinant gI protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15. The duck plague subunit vaccine provided by the invention adopts gE and gI co-expression, only contains part of antigens of DPV, does not contain genetic materials, does not have toxin expelling and dispersing risks, is good in safety, can enable the spatial conformation of gE protein to be close to that of natural protein by co-expression of gE and gI, can realize 10 / 10 protection of challenge, has the total protein expression amount of about 4000 [mu] g / ml, and can be used for preparing a vaccine for the duck plague. The culture medium can be diluted by 40 times for seedling production, so that the production cost is greatly reduced.
Owner:YEBIO BIOENG OF QINGDAO

Remote Methods and Elements for Genetic Modification of Insects

The present invention relates to the technical field of genetic transformation of insect eggs. Specifically, the present invention refers to an efficient genetic editing system to obtain recombinant or genetically modified insect eggs, by incorporating genetic material directly into oocytes of female insects, which will then generate a large number of eggs with the incorporated or recombinant genetic material.
Owner:BYBUG INC

Method for bacterial quantification

To provide a method for rapidly and accurately quantifying bacteria in a biological sample from a subject.SOLUTION: A method of determining an amount or concentration of bacteria in a sample, the method comprising: (a) amplifying a target nucleic acid of the bacteria from genetic material obtained from the sample to form an amplification product, wherein: (b) measuring the amount or concentration of the amplification product; (c) calculating the amount or concentration of the target nucleic acids in the sample by comparing the amount or concentration of the amplification product to a reference level thereof; and (d) determining the copy number of the bacterial 16SrRNA genes in the sample from the amount or concentration of the target nucleic acids in the sample, wherein: 16SrRNA, wherein said copy number is a function of or correlates with the amount of said bacteria in said sample.SELECTED DRAWING: None
Owner:MICROBIO PTY LTD

Multiplex detection kit based on crisper-cas system

ActiveCN117363694BMultiplexGenetic Materials
A method for simultaneously detecting two or more target genetic materials present in a biological sample, wherein the method comprises: adding two or more Crispr-Cas systems capable of respectively targeting two or more target genetic materials and two or more probe molecules corresponding to the Crispr-Cas systems into the biological sample; when any of the Crispr-Cas systems encounters the target genetic material it targets, the Cas enzyme in the Crispr-Cas system can be activated by the target genetic material it targets to trans-cleave the probe molecule corresponding to it; detecting the fluorescence signal emitted by the trans-cleaved probe molecule to determine whether the target genetic material is present in the biological sample. Also related are the corresponding kits.
Owner:BEIJING INST FOR STEM CELL & REGENERATIVE MEDICINE +1

A diagnostic method

PCT designated stageWO2026099598A1Antibody mimetics/scaffoldsPeptide/protein ingredientsConcentration proteinGenetic Materials
The invention relates to diagnostic methods, and particularly, although not exclusively, to the use of oligomeric protein traps in sample diagnostics. The invention extends to the use of oligomeric protein traps as binding agents, for example in methods for enriching samples of low-concentration proteins and / or genetic material, and methods for detecting the same in samples. The invention also encompasses high-affinity protein traps and their application in environmental monitoring, diagnosis and therapy.
Owner:UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER

Method for the analysis of genetic material

UndeterminedES3075331T3Allele frequencyGenetic Materials
The present invention relates to a method for analyzing genetic material in a subject. More specifically, it relates to a method for analyzing genetic material using unphased genotypic information of polymorphic variants from one parent and one parent, in combination with the allele frequency of these variants in the subject's genetic material. Furthermore, the method of the present invention is particularly useful for analyzing isolated genetic material from a sample with a low amount of genetic material and / or for detecting low-level chromosomal mosaicism.
Owner:VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL (100 00)

A flow guiding barrel and shoot apical meristem delivery system

A system, method, and apparatus for delivering genetic material to a shoot apical meristem. The delivery system may have a biolistic particle delivery assembly having a gas acceleration tube and a bombardment chamber. The bombardment chamber has a microcarrier launch assembly comprising an opening adapted to receive gas for acceleration of the microcarrier system and to direct gas to a target. The delivery system may have a source of pressurized carrier gas operatively connected to a first end of the gas acceleration tube; and an extender. The extender has a channel configured to fit through the opening of the microcarrier launch assembly. The length of the extender facilitates the penetration of the microcarrier system to an L2 layer of the shoot apical meristem, conferring germline transformation and / or modification.
Owner:HERMES BIOMATERIALS INC +1

A culture medium, a preparation method and a culture method for industrialized preparation of mesenchymal stem cells

PendingCN122278756ACytokineCell therapy
This invention discloses a culture medium, preparation method, and culture method for the industrial-scale preparation of mesenchymal stem cells, belonging to the field of cell therapy technology. The culture medium comprises a basal medium, cell growth factors, cell proliferation promoters, a vitamin mixture, a nucleoside mixture, and an amino acid mixture; wherein the cell growth factors are selected from one or more of TGF-β, bFGF, VEGF, PDGF, EGF, and IGF. Through the synergistic effect of the composite nutrient system, this invention significantly improves the proliferation rate and cell viability of mesenchymal stem cells, maintains stem cell stemness, trilineage differentiation ability, and secretion levels of key cytokines (VEGF, HGF, TGF-β, IL-10, etc.); it can be stably and continuously passaged up to the 15th generation without abnormal changes in genetic material. This culture medium contains no animal-derived components, has high batch-to-batch stability, and is cost-controllable, making it suitable for GMP-level large-scale industrial preparation of mesenchymal stem cells from various sources such as umbilical cord, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta.
Owner:JILIN TUO HUA BIOTECH

The application of tobacco nicotine metabolism and plant height control related gene NtSULTR3.4 in nicotine metabolism and plant height control

ActiveCN118773213BPlant peptidesFermentationBiotechnologyTobacco nicotine
The application discloses a tobacco nicotine metabolism and plant height regulation related gene NtSULTR3.4 in nicotine metabolism and plant height regulation, and the CDS sequence of the NtSULTR3.4 is shown as SEQ ID No. 1. After the sequence of the NtSULTR3.4 gene is translated, the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is shown as SEQ ID No. 2. By using a CRISPR / Cas9 mediated gene editing technology to knock the NtSULTR3.4 gene, edited materials with increased nicotine content and changed plant height are obtained, indicating that the gene is a negative regulatory factor of nicotine metabolism, and is positively correlated with the tobacco plant height, which provides genetic materials and theoretical basis for directional improvement of a new tobacco variety of tobacco nicotine metabolism gene function research, nicotine content regulation and plant height regulation.
Owner:CHINA TOBACCO YUNNAN IND

A method of mutagenesis of lavender seeds

PendingCN122349977ABiotechnologyLavandula
This invention belongs to the field of radiation mutagenesis technology, and relates to a method for mutagenesis of lavender seeds, employing... 60 Lavender seeds are treated with Co-γ rays; the radiation dose is 50-500 Gy, and the dose rate is 1-3 Gy / min. This invention employs... 60 Radiation with Co-γ rays can efficiently induce mutations in the genetic material of lavender seeds, effectively breaking gene linkage and significantly increasing the mutation frequency. This provides a rich material basis for screening lavender mutants, allowing for the selection of seed half-lethal doses, and obtaining plants with variations in leaf color, leaf shape, plant height, and other traits. This provides technical support for lavender breeding using radiation mutagenesis technology.
Owner:XINJIANG AGRI UNIV

A penicillinase mutant and its recombinant strain and its application

This invention discloses a penicillinase mutant, its recombinant strain, and its applications, relating to the field of antibiotic wastewater treatment. Using the wild-type penicillinase of SEQ ID NO:1 as a template, this invention obtains penicillinase mutants of SEQ ID NO:2-7 through site-directed combination mutagenesis, significantly improving wide pH tolerance. While the wild-type enzyme experiences a sharp drop in activity at pH 9-10, the mutant of this invention maintains high enzyme activity at pH 5-10, reaching over 90% of the highest wild-type activity at pH 9-10. It can be directly adapted to the highly alkaline environment of penicillin G production wastewater without significant pH adjustment. This invention also provides the recombinant genetic material encoding the mutant, the recombinant strain, and its application in wastewater purification, exhibiting advantages such as high degradation efficiency, low operating costs, stable process, and environmental friendliness, possessing significant engineering application value in the treatment of penicillin antibiotic wastewater.
Owner:HUNAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Digital PCR nucleic acid detection kit

The invention discloses a digital PCR nucleic acid detection kit, and relates to the technical field of in vitro diagnosis detection, the kit comprises primers, probes, a reaction liquid and a quality control liquid, the kit is used for simultaneously detecting hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis E virus, the reaction liquid comprises Master Mix and sterile enzyme-free water, and the quality control liquid is used for simultaneously detecting the hepatitis A virus, the hepatitis B virus, the hepatitis C virus, the hepatitis D virus and the hepatitis E virus. The quality control liquid comprises a negative quality control product and a positive quality control product. Through cooperation of sample collection, sample treatment, digital PCR reaction system preparation, digital PCR amplification and result analysis, nucleic acid detection based on the PCR technology shortens the window period by 50-70% through direct detection of virus genetic materials, becomes a key means for early diagnosis, and adopts the technical principle of digital PCR to realize rapid detection of the virus genetic materials. Compared with a traditional fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunological detection method and a qPCR method, the detection sensitivity is improved by 10-100 times, and absolute quantification can be achieved.
Owner:SHANDONG BOHONG GENE TECH CO LTD

Histone demethylase gene OsJMJ708 for regulating and controlling rice salt stress toughness and application of histone demethylase gene OsJMJ708

The invention relates to the technical field of plant genes, in particular to a histone demethylase gene OsJMJ708 for regulating and controlling rice salt stress toughness and application, and the histone demethylase gene OsJMJ708 comprises the following steps: obtaining an OsJMJ708 mutant; identifying an editing target spot of the OsJMJ708 gene; the OsJMJ708 is planted in a water planting mode; carrying out salt stress tolerance identification on the OsJMJ708 mutant; a homozygous silent mutant genetic material is obtained based on a gene editing technology by taking a rice histone methylation modified gene OsJMJ708 as a target gene. And salt stress treatment is carried out by using 180mM NaCl. The result shows that after salt stress treatment, the OsJMJ708 knockout mutant shows a salt-tolerant phenotype. It is proved that the OsJMJ708 gene plays a negative regulation role in the rice salt stress process, and excellent gene information is provided for rice salt-alkali tolerance oriented molecular design breeding.
Owner:INST OF BOTANY CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

Technologies for genetic modification

The present disclosure provides technologies for genetic modification that use a helicase beta-wing element (HbW element). Provided technologies enable genetic modification without a need for introduction of one or more breaks into any genetic material being modified.
Owner:PETER BIOTHERAPEUTICS INC

Identification of clonal neoantigens and uses thereof

A method of treating a subject having been diagnosed as having cancer with an immunotherapy is described. The method comprises targeting one or more clonal neoantigens selected using a method comprising determining whether a tumour-specific mutation is likely to be clonal in a subject. The method comprises providing sequence data from one or more samples from the subject comprising tumour genetic material, the sequence data comprising for each of the one or more samples, and determining the likelihood that the tumour-specific mutation is clonal as a posterior probability depending on: a prior probability of the mutation being clonal, and the probabilities of observing the sequence data if the tumour-specific mutation is (i) clonal and (ii) non-clonal, in view of a tumour fraction for each of the one or more samples and one or more candidate joint genotypes.
Owner:IOVANCE BIOTHERAPEUTICS INC

Neddylation-activating enzyme inhibitors as viral sensitizers and uses thereof

The present application relates to viral sensitizers. More specifically, the present application relates to neddylation-activating enzyme inhibitors, as well as processes for their preparation and methods of using such compounds and compositions as viral sensitizers. The present application includes a method of increasing permissiveness of a cell to a virus or genetic material encoding components of the virus, comprising administering an effective amount of a neddylation-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor, or a salt, solvate and / or prodrug thereof, to the cell.
Owner:OTTAWA HOSPITAL RES INST

Humanized universal light chain mice

Mice, tissues, cells, and genetic material are provided that comprise a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a humanized light chain locus that expresses a universal light chain, and a gene encoding an ADAM6 or ortholog or homolog or functional fragment thereof. Mice are provided that express humanized heavy chains comprising human variable domains, and that express humanized light chains comprising human variable domains wherein the light chains are derived from no more than one, or no more than two, light chain V and J or rearranged V / J sequences. Fertile male mice that express antibodies with universal light chains and humanized heavy chains are provided. Methods and compositions for making bispecific binding proteins are provided.
Owner:REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS INC