250 results about "Noma" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for realizing data communication by a multi-band adaptive antenna based on 5G communication. The method comprises the steps of dynamic sensing and multi-mode signal fusion, multi-band intelligent analysis, hybrid beam forming and dynamic reconstruction, cross-layer parameter joint tuning, real-time monitoring and self-learning compensation, multi-band adaptive switching and fault diagnosis and error calculation. The problems that in traditional 5G communication, the antenna frequency band is fixed, the beam adjusting capacity is limited, the anti-interference performance is poor, and the communication performance is unstable in a complex environment are solved. According to the method, the channel state is accurately evaluated and predicted through fusion of the extended Kalman filtering algorithm and the convolutional neural network, and frequency band resources are intelligently allocated and optimized through the deep Q network DQN and the non-orthogonal multiple access NOMA principle, so that omnibearing optimization and management of the antenna are realized, the communication efficiency and stability are improved, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. And the efficient and stable operation of the communication system in various complex environments is ensured.

The invention relates to a satellite-to-ground network adaptive image semantic communication method based on an NOMA technology, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, building a satellite-to-ground semantic communication frame integrated with the NOMA technology: carrying out the power superposition and serial interference elimination of different user transmission contents through the NOMA technology, a coding and decoding process is optimized through deep joint source channel coding based on hierarchical vision using a shift window; s2, establishing an adaptive semantic communication model: dynamically adjusting coding parameters based on a target bandwidth ratio and a signal-to-noise ratio of a satellite-ground channel; s3, proposing a dynamic weight adjustment algorithm: optimizing model convergence speed and transmission performance tradeoff under different channel conditions; and S4, designing a feature selection module: performing priority ranking on the image features, and selectively transmitting important features according to bandwidth resources. According to the method, the adaptive semantic communication model (ASeC-NOMA) which can be dynamically adjusted according to the target bandwidth ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio is constructed, and a large number of model storage parameters are saved while the transmission performance is ensured.

The invention provides an AmBC-NOMA communication resource joint optimization method for a high mobility V2X scene, and relates to the technical field of communication resource joint optimization. Aiming at channel dynamic change caused by high-speed motion of a vehicle and the influence of the channel dynamic change on short packet communication reliability and rate performance, the method combines reflection type communication and non-orthogonal multiple access technologies, and on the basis of fully considering channel time-varying characteristics, a reflection coefficient, a power distribution coefficient and block length resource distribution in a system are jointly optimized, so that the reliability and the rate performance of short packet communication are improved. Therefore, the communication rate performance and the resource utilization efficiency under the requirements of short time delay and low error rate are improved. Through the method, the short packet transmission rate of the system can be remarkably improved under the conditions of limited time delay and channel uncertainty, and the actual application requirements of the future Internet of Vehicles system for efficient, low-time-delay and high-reliability short packet communication are met.

The invention relates to the technical field of wireless communication, and discloses an unloading method in an ultra-dense millimeter wave MEC network. Aiming at the problems of insufficient terminal capability, high energy consumption of an ultra-dense base station, millimeter wave coverage limitation, communication security risk and the like under the condition of sharp increase of a calculation-intensive task, the method comprises the following steps: firstly, obtaining network basic information, constructing a network architecture containing communication, calculation unloading and a security model, and establishing a multi-constraint optimization problem; based on the optimization problem, initializing a multi-strategy black-wing plinuary optimization algorithm population through logic mapping and elite selection; updating individual positions through global and local search in algorithm iteration, and screening historical optimal individuals; and finally, configuring and unloading resources according to the configuration. According to the method, the NOMA technology, a multi-step unloading framework and a hybrid communication mode are combined, the optimization efficiency is improved through a multi-strategy black-wing optimization algorithm, the local energy consumption is reduced, the communication rate is improved, the safety is guaranteed, the optimal scheme meeting time delay and safety constraints is rapidly converged, and the user experience is improved.

The invention discloses a secure communication method for eavesdropping a D2D relay NOMA network. The communication process has two time slots; in the first time slot, the information source equipment sends an NOMA signal, and the multi-antenna relay equipment selects one antenna to send an interference signal to resist eavesdropping attack; in the second time slot, the relay equipment adopts the digital network coding technology to mix the interference signal of the first time slot and the decoded information source message, then adopts the NOMA technology to construct a novel NOMA signal, and re-selects one antenna to send the NOMA signal, and meanwhile, the information source sends another interference signal to weaken the eavesdropper; the NOMA user equipment and the eavesdropper calculate a required signal-to-noise ratio and a required signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio, and calculate a system outage probability and an eavesdropping probability; according to the invention, the two NOMA users can realize physical layer security communication in the D2D network, and the security of the physical layer is far better than that of a security communication scheme based on non-cooperative interference and a traditional security communication scheme based on cooperative interference.

The invention relates to the technical field of wireless communication security, in particular to a millimeter wave PD-NOMA-based communication optimization method and related equipment, and an active RIS-assisted millimeter wave PD-NOMA system model, which comprise a base station, an active RIS and three types of users: an untrusted user (internal eavesdropper), a secure user and an external eavesdropper. The system establishes a direct channel from a base station to a user and an indirect channel reflected by the RIS, obtains a user signal transmission rate by decoding a transmission signal, and calculates an internal eavesdropping rate and an external eavesdropping rate. And with maximization of the security user secrecy rate as a target, an active RIS reflection coefficient matrix and PD-NOMA power distribution are jointly optimized, a target function is constructed, and optimal parameters are solved. The parameters are applied to a system model, a secure transmission mechanism is constructed by dynamically regulating and controlling RIS beam forming and power distribution strategies, internal and external eavesdropping is effectively inhibited, and millimeter wave frequency band communication security and spectrum efficiency are improved.

The invention discloses a self-adaptive authentication method for a space-air-ground cooperative NOMA communication system, which introduces a self-adaptive access authentication mechanism based on an NTRU encryption algorithm, designs a dual-security mechanism for trusted and untrusted NOMA relays, ensures data security through authentication and key exchange in a trusted mode, and improves the security of the communication system. And in an untrusted mode, data tampering and stealing are prevented through a temporary session key and a message authentication code, and flexible application guarantee is provided. Meanwhile, in combination with a certification authority (CA) and a digital certificate technology, it is ensured that the public key is not tampered in the transmission process, man-in-the-middle attack is avoided, and the reliability of communication node identity authentication is further improved.

The invention provides a user clustering algorithm based on cluster head selection and channel characteristics, which is suitable for a non-orthogonal multiple access (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access, NOMA) system of a large-scale multiple input multiple output (MIMO) without a cellular, and is characterized in that the user clustering algorithm based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics based on the cluster head selection and the channel characteristics. The method comprises the following three main steps of: firstly, preferentially selecting a user with an optimal access point channel condition from users as a cluster head user; secondly, a clustering evaluation index is constructed based on the channel gain difference and the channel correlation, and the clustering evaluation index is used for dynamically quantifying the matching degree between users; and finally, according to the evaluation indexes, gradually distributing the remaining users to the cluster where the corresponding cluster head user is located, and forming a final clustering scheme. According to the method, good balance between clustering performance and complexity is achieved, compared with a traditional statistical theory clustering algorithm, the calculation complexity is reduced by 47.5%, meanwhile, clustering fairness, anti-interference capacity and spectrum efficiency are remarkably improved, and the method is suitable for dynamic clustering and resource optimization distribution of a high-density user access scene.

The invention discloses a time-frequency domain joint channel equalization method for a single-carrier NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) system, and solves the problems that a single carrier is poor in frequency selective fading resistance and is not matched with NOMA power multiplexing signals in the prior art. The method comprises the following steps of: at a receiving end of a single-carrier NOMA system, converting a received signal of each frame into a frequency domain by using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), and carrying out data separation to obtain a section of unique word sequence and an effective data sequence; estimating channel state information in a frequency domain by utilizing prior information and a section of unique word sequence to obtain a channel estimation result corresponding to each symbol, and performing minimum mean square error frequency domain equalization on a section of effective data sequence according to the result to obtain a corresponding frequency domain signal; performing fine adjustment on the corresponding frequency domain signal in the time domain by using a time domain soft decision equalization algorithm of the power distribution factor to obtain an equalized time domain signal; according to the method, more accurate channel compensation is realized, and the decoding performance and the anti-interference capability of the system are improved.

The invention relates to a dual dynamic optimization multi-user detection method based on SCMA in an uplink NOMA system, and belongs to the technical field of wireless communication. According to the method, the technical problems of insufficient multi-user interference suppression caused by codebook cross correlation enhancement in a high overload scene, poor convergence stability of a traditional detection algorithm and error code propagation caused by a hard decision mechanism are solved. The scheme of the invention comprises the following steps of: generating a dynamic codebook: constructing a low-mutual-interference codebook through resource load balancing and complex field amplitude phase joint optimization; dual confidence interference elimination: fusing user-level weight and symbol-level weight to dynamically adjust elimination intensity; according to the cross-layer iteration mechanism, soft information closed-loop feedback is achieved in combination with interference suppression merging equalization and hierarchical decoding; and dynamic damping updating: adaptively adjusting the soft information feedback intensity based on the signal-to-noise ratio to suppress oscillation. The method has the beneficial effects that the multi-user interference suppression capability is improved in a breakthrough manner, the interference elimination precision is revolutionarily optimized, and the system keeps ultrahigh reliability in a severe environment with a low signal-to-noise ratio.

The invention discloses an air-space-ground Internet of Things performance analysis method and system based on SWIPT and NOMA, and belongs to the technical field of air-space-ground integrated Internet of Things. Comprising the following steps: constructing an air-space-ground Internet of Things system model comprising an LEO satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle relay and a ground user, and considering heterogeneous channel characteristics and node dynamics; deducing a closed-form solution of the outage probability of the system through joint transformation of a moment generation function and a characteristic function of a random variable; a high-order Taylor expansion and moment matching method is adopted to carry out approximation on the closed-form solution, a first-order approximate solution and a second-order approximate solution are obtained, and an upper bound of an approximate error is deduced. According to the method, the problem of accurate modeling of the outage probability under heterogeneous link coupling in the air-space-ground Internet of Things is solved, theoretical preciseness and engineering practicability are both achieved, and an effective tool is provided for network reliability analysis and optimization.

The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless communication, and particularly relates to an electric energy quality real-time monitoring method, system and equipment based on NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access). The real-time monitoring method comprises the following steps: firstly, constructing to obtain a distribution power optimization problem of an electric energy quality monitoring system by taking minimization of an overall error probability as a target; the optimization variable of the distribution power optimization problem is the transmitting power of each electric energy quality monitoring terminal device, then a non-convex term in the distribution power optimization problem is converted into a convex term by adopting continuous convex approximation, and the distribution power optimization problem is solved through iteration to obtain a transmitting power distribution optimization scheme; and finally, controlling the electric energy quality monitoring system to carry out electric energy quality monitoring based on the transmitting power distribution optimization scheme. According to the method, the overall error probability can be reduced by optimizing a terminal equipment transmitting power distribution scheme, so that high communication reliability in a multi-terminal equipment scene is ensured.

The invention discloses a beam forming method of an RIS-assisted NOMA-ISAC system for preventing internal and external eavesdropping, which ensures that radar sensing requirements are met under the condition of limited energy resources by intelligently optimizing transmitting beams of a base station and a phase shift matrix of an RIS, effectively resists attacks of potential internal and external eavesdroppers, and improves the reliability of the system. Therefore, the security communication performance of legal users of the system is obviously improved. Specifically, according to the method, radar signals of a base station are ingeniously utilized, while a radar target sensing task is executed, the radar signals serve as artificial noise to interfere with potential eavesdroppers, and the dual functions of target sensing and safe communication are achieved. However, the optimization problem of minimizing the legal signal power of the system has non-convex constraint and is difficult to directly solve, so that the original problem is decomposed into three sub-problems, the sub-problems are converted into a convex optimization problem by using a positive semi-definite relaxation technology, and finally alternate optimization solution is performed through a CVX toolbox. According to the strategy, the complexity of the problem is effectively reduced, and the calculation efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a full-duplex cooperative NOMA integrated sensing communication system based on RIS and an optimization method, and relates to the technical field of wireless communication. The problem that an existing RIS-combined sensing communication system is not combined with a full duplex cooperation mechanism is solved, and meanwhile, a base station beam forming matrix, a power distribution factor and an RIS phase shift matrix are jointly optimized so as to solve the problems that in the RIS-combined sensing communication system, interference among users is large, the remote user communication quality is poor and the resource distribution efficiency is low. The communication performance of the user is improved through the help of the RIS and the optimization of the algorithm; through algorithm optimization, the beam forming gain is enhanced, and the target detection precision is improved; through integration of communication and perception, the cost of hardware is reduced; the communication quality of the remote users is guaranteed through the cooperation of decoding retransmission of the near users and the RIS; and through reasonable distribution of resources, the energy efficiency is greatly improved.

The invention provides a near-zero power consumption beam-hopping satellite communication system resource allocation method based on NOMA, and belongs to the technical field of beam-hopping satellite communication systems. Users in the same beam are divided into time delay sensitive users and time delay tolerant users, a hopping beam time slot is divided into a data transmission stage and an energy collection stage through a time division multiplexing mechanism, and radio frequency energy generated by the time delay sensitive users is used for supplying power to the time delay tolerant users; the method comprises the following steps of: establishing a data transmission rate and power distribution joint optimization model by taking the minimization of the difference between the total transmitting power and the user request flow of a beam hopping satellite and the minimization of the delay sensitive user service interruption probability as targets, and constructing a deep reinforcement learning framework in combination with a multi-dimensional optimization space; deploying the deep reinforcement learning network framework in a satellite-ground cooperative manner, and performing offline training and verification of the model at a gateway station; and uploading the trained model parameters to a beam hopping satellite, and dynamically adjusting a beam hopping pattern, a power distribution coefficient and a time slot division parameter according to real-time service requirements.

The invention provides a hidden NOMA communication method based on STAR-RIS partition cooperative interference, and the method comprises the steps: building a STAR-RIS assisted hidden communication system, and enabling the STAR-RIS to be virtually divided into an enhanced transmission region and a cooperative interference region; calculating the communication interruption probability of the hidden user, and simplifying the communication interruption probability by utilizing the probability distribution of the intermediate variable; based on a binary hypothesis testing problem, determining a receiving signal and average receiving power of a malicious monitor, determining a minimum detection error probability of the malicious monitor adopting an optimal detection strategy, and calculating a lower bound of the minimum detection error probability; determining a concealment constraint; and establishing an optimization problem according to the communication interruption probability and the concealment constraint of the concealed user, and solving the optimization problem by adopting an alternating iterative optimization algorithm to obtain the optimal values of the power distribution coefficient and the area unit number of the enhanced transmission area. According to the invention, the transmission reliability and concealment can be improved by using the information relay and interference dual functions of STAR-RIS, and the spectrum utilization rate can be improved through regional cooperation.

The invention relates to a user clustering and topological optimization method for a distributed irregular RIS-assisted NOMA system, and belongs to the technical field of wireless communication. Aiming at a distributed RIS auxiliary NOMA communication model, firstly, an improved spectral clustering algorithm (B-SPC) is applied to realize non-uniformly distributed NOMA user clustering (UC) under the scene, and irregular RIS auxiliary communication is matched for each UC based on a fairness principle. Then, based on an NOMA user clustering mechanism, a taboo search algorithm (TS) is applied to dynamically optimize the topological structure of the irregular RIS, and then a fractional programming method (FP) is adopted to jointly optimize the topological structure of the irregular RIS, user power distribution in a UC and reflector beam forming to maximize the total spectral efficiency of the system. Compared with traditional rule RIS deployment, the B-SPC clustering algorithm improves the uniformity of UC clustering and the fairness of user service, the total spectrum efficiency of the distributed irregular RIS auxiliary NOMA system is remarkably improved, and meanwhile, the FP method can achieve better resource allocation among different users.

NOMA uplink communications via Reconfigurable Intelligent surfaces are proposed based on the determination of Reconfigurable Intelligent surfaces sub-surface configurations compatible with NOMA successive interference cancellation requirements. For multiple sets of RIS sub-surfaces, the solution extends to reconfiguring user device to sub-channel attributions either in a coordinated mode or an uncoordinated mode based on a multi-player Multi- armed Bandit framework with zero-reward.

Examples exploit the processing capabilities of the available access points in a wireless telecommunications network operating in dual connectivity operation to enhance the data rate and fairness among the users. The wireless telecommunications network may include a first access point, or master node, connected to a plurality of further access points, or secondary nodes. The master node discovers which of the secondary access nodes has the processing capabilities and available processing capacity to handle NOMA transmissions. The master node can then coordinate the connection of a selected group of users to one of the secondary nodes that can support NOMA. The processing capabilities and available processing capacity to handle NOMA transmissions can be communicated by the secondary nodes to the master node actively, for example in a periodic manner, or reactively, for example as a result of a request for such information from the master node.

The present disclosure enables proper retransmission by a transmission station connected with a reception station through NOMA. The transmission control method of the present disclosure is a transmission control method for a plurality of transmission stations (2) of non-orthogonal multiple access with a reception station (1) as a wireless communication object, the plurality of transmission stations (2) being able to respectively retransmit to continuously transmit the same signal to the reception station at a common prescribed period and a prescribed number of times among the plurality of transmission stations (2). In this method, an information processing device (1b) calculates an initial value of transmission power respectively allocated to the plurality of transmission stations (2), the initial value of the transmission power being higher as reception quality at the reception station (1) is better and ensuring a power difference required among the transmission stations, and the information processing device (1b) calculates a retransmission number of a first transmission station to which the largest initial value of the transmission power is allocated among the plurality of transmission stations (2) based on an index value of the reception quality.

The present invention discloses a method and system for transmitting in a combined geosynchronous orbit and low-orbit double-layer satellite network. The method includes the following steps: S1, a geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite transmits signals to low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites and cellular users; S2, the LEO satellites and cellular users receive the signals transmitted by the GEO satellite; S3, the LEO satellites use the decode-and-forward relay protocol and adaptive non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to send signals to the cellular users; S4, the cellular users receive the signals relayed by the LEO satellites and combine the signals from the GEO satellite and the LEO satellite using the maximum ratio combining method. The power allocation factor of the adaptive non-orthogonal multiple access technology proposed by the present invention is dynamically adjusted according to the channel state, satellite elevation angle, and co-channel interference, and can achieve differential power allocation for different users' dynamic channels, improving the spectrum utilization rate and power allocation fairness.

The application provides a flexible antenna assisted common sense fusion NOMA network resource scheduling method and device, including: exploring a flexible antenna assisted common sense fusion NOMA network architecture, considering the scenario of multiple pinching antennas on the same waveguide, users in the form of clustering non-orthogonal multiple access network, and comprehensively considering the communication and sensing demand, according to the wave leakage characteristics of the pinching antenna, the line-of-sight transmission link is reconstructed, the pinching antenna link channel model and the transmission signal model are established; a decision variable set is constructed; the user cluster communication data rate and the detection signal power of the sensing target are comprehensively analyzed, the regularization coefficient is introduced according to the channel model and the transmission signal model and the decision variable set, the regularization clustering user data rate and the sensing target detection power model are constructed, and the common sense performance optimization target is solved by using an artificial intelligence algorithm, and the optimal correlation and power allocation set is obtained. The application can perform resource scheduling on the common sense fusion NOMA network.

The application relates to the technical field of Internet of Things, and discloses a STAR-RIS assisted hybrid NOMA computing offloading method, which comprises the following steps: S1, before the start of the offloading process, a main base station collects and caches hyper-surface and auxiliary base station basic information in a network; S2, when a user needs to offload a task, the user first sends an offloading request to the main base station; S3, the main base station receives the user offloading requirement; S4, after the optimization of the offloading strategy is completed, the main base station can notify the user, the auxiliary base station and RIS to prepare for task offloading; and S5, after the hyper-surface and the auxiliary base station are configured, the main base station sends the strategy to the user. Compared with the traditional only-reflection RIS technology, the STAR-RIS technology can transmit the offloading task to both sides of the hyper-surface through reflection and refraction signals, the offloading range is expanded, and for the Internet of Things equipment, computing nodes can be selected for computing offloading in a wider communication range.

The invention discloses an average information age optimization method based on AARIS mobile edge calculation, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a deep hybrid strategy gradient DHPG algorithm, building a mobile edge calculation communication model, an information age model and a system energy consumption model based on an AARIS and non-orthogonal multiple access NOMA; a minimum system average information age objective function and constraint conditions are constructed, and the freshness and timeliness of information in the mobile edge computing communication system are improved. According to the method, by constructing a cooperative communication model of the AARIS and the NOMA, and combining with the DHPG algorithm, the trajectory and beamforming of the unmanned aerial vehicle are optimized, so that the AoI of the system is reduced, the data timeliness in real-time scenes such as automatic driving is effectively guaranteed, and the information freshness is remarkably improved.

The present application relates to the technical field of wireless communication, and especially relates to a communication and rate optimization method and system of an ARIS assisted ISAC-NOMA system. Channel fading gains of a user terminal to an ARIS node and the ARIS node to a DFRC-BS node, a steering vector when the DFRC-BS node antenna array transmits a sensing signal, and a complex path loss coefficient of the sensing signal are acquired, the DFRC-BS node transmits the sensing signal, the user terminal transmits an uplink communication signal, and the DFRC-BS node simultaneously receives a sensing target echo signal and a communication signal; a successive interference cancellation technology is used for a communication and sensing mixed signal, a communication and rate and a sensing signal-to-noise ratio are calculated, an iterative solution optimization problem is solved by using an alternating optimization algorithm, and the maximum communication and rate of the system is obtained. The method of the present application can achieve a higher communication rate and better sensing performance than traditional methods in different scenarios, and has high practical application value.

The present application relates to a kind of RIS assisted NOMA-MEC network in the joint optimization method, system and program product of communication and computing resource allocation, it is decomposed into two nested solving sub-models, i.e. task offloading proportion and communication process joint optimization sub-model and reflection surface phase shift optimization sub-model.Model.For the former, it is proved by theoretical derivation that when reflection surface phase shift is given, optimal transmitting power can be expressed as the function of NOMA group transmission time and task offloading proportion, then the optimal task offloading proportion and optimal NOMA group transmission time are solved using Lagrange dual algorithm;For the latter, it is expressed as a deep reinforcement learning model, and PPO algorithm is used to solve it.In this way, the present application closely couples communication process and computing process, and improves the overall performance of NOMA-MEC network system.

The invention relates to a communication method and device based on the non-orthogonal multiple access technology and communication equipment, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the current channel state information of a plurality of user terminals in an NOMA system, and then dynamically distributing corresponding target power for each user terminal according to the current channel state information of the plurality of user terminals, and finally, determining a plurality of user signals according to the target power of each user terminal and the modulation signal until the data transmission rate of the NOMA system is greater than a preset rate threshold value, and respectively sending the plurality of user signals to the plurality of user terminals through user equipment in the NOMA system so as to indicate each user terminal to communicate based on the corresponding user signal. In the method, the power is dynamically allocated to each user terminal according to the real-time channel state information, so that each user terminal can communicate based on the optimal signal power while the transmission performance of the NOMA system is ensured, and the communication efficiency of the NOMA system is further improved.

The invention provides an uplink MIMO-NOMA (Multiple Input Multiple Output-Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) system optimization method with a maximized sum rate, which comprises the following steps: firstly, in order to suppress interference between a transmission cluster and a reflection cluster, providing an inter-cluster SIC method: clustering users according to transmission characteristics, adopting space division multiple access in each cluster, and performing inter-cluster SIC of NOMA transmission so as to reduce the interference between the clusters; secondly, a non-convex optimization problem aiming at maximizing the total rate of the system is formulated and solved by using an alternating optimization framework, in the framework, a receiving equalizer is optimized according to a minimum mean square error standard, and transmitting power control of a user is processed through successive convex approximation, so that sub-problems are easy to process; and finally, the beam forming of the active STAR-RIS adopts a sequential rotation design. According to the invention, the dual-fading effect is effectively overcome by adjusting the phase shift and amplitude of electromagnetic waves, an alternating optimization framework is also provided to solve the described non-convex problem, user power is controlled through continuous convex approximation, and active STAR-RIS beam forming is realized through sequential rotation.