A composite energy storage system based on a stepless speed change type flywheel and a power battery is characterized in that the composite energy storage system can be controlled to operate in different working modes according to different automobile operation working conditions, and the requirements of an automobile for high power density, high energy density, high energy conversion efficiency and long service life of the energy storage system can be met at the same time. Under the starting condition of the vehicle, the discharge current of the power battery can be reduced and the service life of the power battery system can be prolonged by virtue of the high-power density advantage of the stepless speed change type flywheel; under medium-high driving demand power, the composite energy storage system works in a dual-energy supply mode, and by means of the advantage of high power density based on the stepless speed change type flywheel, the power demand of the whole vehicle can be met, large-current discharge of a power battery can be prevented, the service life of the power battery is prolonged, and the working efficiency of the system is improved; under low driving demand power,based on the fact that the stepless speed change type flywheel does not participate in whole vehicle driving, the whole vehicle controller controls the electric energy output by the power battery tobe converted into mechanical energy through the motor at the same time, and then part of the remaining mechanical energy obtained after whole vehicle driving is met is transmitted to the flywheel so as to control the stepless speed change type flywheel to operate in an efficient state; and under the emergency braking working condition, by means of the advantage of instantaneous high-power feedbackbased on the stepless speed change type flywheel, more braking energy can be fed back compared with a conventional single-power-battery energy storage system, the energy utilization efficiency of thewhole vehicle is improved, large-current charging of a power battery can be prevented, and the service life of the power battery is prolonged.