The invention discloses a vertical combustion characteristic experiment device capable of controlling gas environments and side wall structures, and belongs to the technical field of experiment teaching or scientific research apparatus. The vertical combustion characteristic experiment device capable of controlling gas environments and side wall structures comprises an experiment table, an analysis control cabinet, a combustible gas bomb group, and a vacuum pump; the experimental table comprises a combustion chamber, a fixing device of variable side wall structures, a gas homogenizing device,a hot flow sensor, a linear ignition device, and a flue gas collecting device; the analysis control cabinet comprises an operation panel, a gas mixing regulating and controlling system, a gas pressureregulating and controlling system, a hot flow data acquisition device, a flue gas toxicity analysis device, a computer host, a computer display, a mouse, and a keyboard; the operation panel comprisesa power supply switch button, a sudden stop button, a measuring starting button, and an igniting button. The vertical combustion characteristic experiment device is used for measuring of characteristic parameters of vertical arranged combustible matters at different gas environments, under different side wall structure conditions, and is mainly used in fire-fighting teaching and scientific research.