The invention provides a slurry field sampling device in a goaf filling process and a use method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of mine filling sampling. The device comprises an outer sleeve, an inner sleeve, a cover plate and L-shaped steel plate supports; the outer sleeve is provided with an outer sleeve guide rail, the inner sleeve is provided with an inner sleeve sliding rail and a sliding groove, the inner sleeve sliding rail is aligned with the outer sleeve guide rail, the inner sleeve is inserted into the outer sleeve, the cover plate can be inserted into the sliding groove, and the outer sleeve is fixed through a pair of L-shaped steel plate supports and a bottom plate fixing expansion bolt. The device adopts a separated sleeve structure, can be flexibly assembled according to sampling requirements, and is simple in structure and quick to mount. The inner sleeve can be reused, the cost is reduced, the outer sleeve is reserved in filling bodies and can serve as a reinforcing structure, and the overall strength of the filling bodies is improved. The sampling depth is large, typical representativeness is achieved, and the sampling success rate is high. According to production requirements, filling slurry can be taken out in situ, and filling bodies of different ages can also be taken out, so that different production inspection and test requirements are met.