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This invention provides a broadband atomic terahertz detection method and apparatus, relating to the field of terahertz detection and imaging technology. The method includes: generating a time-coded sequence using an arbitrary waveform generator; controlling a microwave switch to perform orthogonal coding modulation on a terahertz field to generate a terahertz differential signal carrying coded information; applying the terahertz differential signal to Rydberg atoms in an atomic gas cell to convert terahertz information into changes in the transmitted light intensity of the probe light, and converting the optical signal into an electrical signal; synchronously demodulating and acquiring the electrical signal to generate a measurement vector; and reconstructing the original terahertz time-domain waveform from the measurement vector using a compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm. This invention, by combining superheterodyne detection and time-domain computational imaging algorithms, overcomes the physical limitations of the bandwidth of atomic detectors, achieving rapid and high-resolution detection of broadband terahertz signals while maintaining their high sensitivity advantages.