1756 results about "Concentration gradient" patented technology

The present disclosure provides a carrier channel with an element concentration gradient distribution. The carrier channel includes a substrate and a carrier channel structure. The carrier channel structure is stacked on the substrate, wherein a ratio of a height and a width of the carrier channel is greater than 1, and the carrier channel is crystallized from the contact surface by a rapid melting growth process, thus the carrier channel structure has the element concentration gradient distribution.

A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes: the first step of forming a gate electrode over a silicon substrate, with a gate insulating film; and the second step of digging down a surface layer of the silicon substrate by etching conducted with the gate electrode as a mask. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device further includes the third step of epitaxially growing, on the surface of the dug-down portion of the silicon substrate, a mixed crystal layer including silicon and atoms different in lattice constant from silicon so that the mixed crystal layer contains an impurity with such a concentration gradient that the impurity concentration increases along the direction from the silicon substrate side toward the surface of the mixed crystal layer.

A bioreactor with substance injection capability. In one embodiment, the bioreactor includes a first substrate having a first surface, an opposite second surface and edges. The bioreactor further includes a second substrate having a first surface and an opposite second surface, defining a cavity with a bottom surface, where the bottom surface is located therebetween the first surface and the second surface. The first surface of the first substrate is received by the second surface of the second substrate to cover the cavity so as to form a chamber for receiving cells and a liquid medium. A port is formed in the second substrate between the bottom surface and the first surface of the second substrate. As formed, the port is in fluid communication with the chamber to allow a stream of substance to be introduced into the chamber. The stream of substance is controlled so as to provide a gradient, or a concentration gradient of the substance, to the chamber. The stream of substance includes a substance affecting the growth of cells such as chemokine.

The present disclosure provides a carrier channel with an element concentration gradient distribution. The carrier channel includes a substrate and a carrier channel structure. The carrier channel structure is stacked on the substrate, wherein a ratio of a height and a width of the carrier channel is greater than 1, and the carrier channel is crystallized from the contact surface by a rapid melting growth process, thus the carrier channel structure has the element concentration gradient distribution.

A positive active material according to one embodiment of the present invention includes an internal bulk part and an external bulk part surrounding the internal bulk part and has a continuous concentration gradient of the metal composition from an interface between the internal bulk part and the external bulk part to the surface of the active material. The provided positive active material in which the metal composition is distributed in a continuous concentration gradient has excellent electrochemical characteristics such as a cycle life, capacity, and thermal stability.

An expandable medical device has a plurality of elongated struts joined together to form a substantially cylindrical device, which is expandable from a cylinder having a first diameter to a cylinder having a second diameter. At least one of the plurality of struts includes at least one opening extending at least partially through a thickness of the strut. A beneficial agent is loaded into the opening within the strut in layers to achieve desired temporal release kinetics of the agent. Alternatively, the beneficial agent is loaded in a shape which is configured to achieve the desired agent delivery profile. A wide variety of delivery profiles can be achieved including zero order, pulsatile, increasing, decrease, sinusoidal, and other delivery profiles.

A single photon avalanche diode for use in a CMOS integrated circuit includes a deep n-well region formed above a p-type substrate and an n-well region formed above and in contact with the deep n-well region. A cathode contact is connected to the n-well region via a heavily doped n-type implant. A lightly doped region forms a guard ring around the n-well and deep n-well regions. A p-well region is adjacent to the lightly doped region. An anode contact is connected to the p-well region via a heavily doped p-type implant. The junction between the bottom of the deep n-well region and the substrate forms a multiplication region when an appropriate bias voltage is applied between the anode and cathode and the guard ring breakdown voltage is controlled with appropriate control of the lateral doping concentration gradient such that the breakdown voltage is higher than that of the multiplication region.

Substrates comprising a photocatalytic layer containing TiO2 are produced using TiO2 particles which may optionally be doped with metallic or non-metallic elements or compounds. The photocatalytic layer exhibits a concentration gradient of the TiO2 particles. An organically modified inorganic hybrid layer may be provided between the substrate and the photocatalytic layer.

This invention provides a microfluidic device for use in the detection of one or more analytes in a fluid using solid-phase affinity binding assays. The device offers a practical, easy-to-use, portable, inexpensive, robust analytical system for the parallel and quantitative detection of multiple analytes. In addition, this invention provides methods and devices for the formation of concentration gradients of capture molecules immobilized on a solid phase.

An OLED has a doped emission layer (EML). The OLED comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and an EML having a host material and a light-emitting dopant and interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light-emitting dopant has a concentration gradient between a first surface close to the first electrode of the EML and a second surface opposite to the first surface. As a result, luminous efficiency of the OLED can be enhanced and a driving voltage can also be reduced.

A light emitting device and electronic equipment having a long life at a low electric power consumption are provided. A hole transporting region composed of a hole transporting material, an electron transporting region composed of an electron transporting material, and a mixture region in which both the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material are mixed at a fixed ratio are formed within an organic compound film. Regions having a concentration gradient are formed between the mixture region and carrier transporting regions until the fixed ratio is achieved. In addition, by doping a light emitting material into the mixture region, functions of hole transportation, electron transportation, and light emission can be respectively expressed while all of the interfaces existing between layers of a conventional lamination structure are removed. Organic light emitting elements having low electric power consumption and a long life can thus be provided, and light emitting devices and electronic equipment can be manufactured using the organic light emitting elements.

A high-voltage transistor includes first and second trenches that define a mesa in a semiconductor substrate. First and second field plate members are respectively disposed in the first and second trenches, with each of the first and second field plate members being separated from the mesa by a dielectric layer. The mesa includes a plurality of sections, each section having a substantially constant doping concentration gradient, the gradient of one section being at least 10% greater than the gradient of another section. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR 1.72(b).

The present invention provides a bonding wire improved in formability of a ball part, improved in bondability, good in loop controllability, improved in bonding strength of a wedge connection, securing industrial production ability as well, and mainly comprised of copper which is more inexpensive than gold wire, that is, provides a bonding wire for a semiconductor device comprised of a bonding wire having a core material having copper as its main ingredient and a surface covering layer over the core material and of a conductive metal of a composition different from the core material, characterized in that the surface covering layer has as its main ingredients two or more types of metals selected from gold, palladium, platinum, rhodium, silver, and nickel and the surface covering layer has a concentration gradient of one or both of a main ingredient metal or copper in the wire radial direction.

An alloyed semiconductor quantum dot comprising an alloy of at least two semiconductors, wherein the quantum dot has a homogeneous composition and is characterized by a band gap energy that is non-linearly related to the molar ratio of the at least two semiconductors; a series of alloyed semiconductor quantum dots related thereto; a concentration-gradient quantum dot comprising an alloy of a first semiconductor and a second semiconductor, wherein the concentration of the first semiconductor gradually increases from the core of the quantum dot to the surface of the quantum dot and the concentration of the second semiconductor gradually decreases from the core of the quantum dot to the surface of the quantum dot; a series of concentration-gradient quantum dots related thereto; in vitro and in vivo methods of use; and methods of producing the alloyed semiconductor and concentration-gradient quantum dots and the series of quantum dots related thereto.

A crystallizable, purified chondroitinase ABC having a molecular weight of about 100,000 dalton by the measurement of the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the measurement by the gel permeation chromatography method, having alanine as the N-terminal amino acid and proline as the C-terminal amino acid. A process for the purification of the crystallizable purified chondroitinase ABC comprising removing nucleic acid from an surfactant solution extract obtained from cells of chondroitinase ABC-producing microorganisms and chromatographically treating by concentration gradient elution using a weak cation exchange resin or a strong cation exchange resin. A composition comprising a chondroitinase and serum albumin, gelatin, or a nonionic surfactant.

The invention discloses a pollution source diffusion early-warning method based on a water quality on-line monitoring system. The method comprises the following steps of S01, monitoring water quality current situation of each monitoring station in an area in real time through the water quality on-line monitoring system; S02, confirming a pollution source being warned; S03, acquiring real-time monitoring data of excessive pollutants at the monitoring station where the pollution source is located; S04, selecting a river where the station is located to simulate a terminal; S05, inputting relevant parameters of a river section to be simulated; S06, calculating a one-dimensional steady-state water quality model; S07, rendering a pollutant concentration gradient for the simulated river section and carrying out early-warning information judgment. The one-dimensional steady-state model applied by the invention is independent of specific riverway geographic information and terrain parameters, only relates to hydrologic condition flux and flow velocity of riverways, can be automatically modeled according to GIS (Geographic Information System) information, and is strong in universality.

A method for producing hydrogen wherein use is made of a high temperature steam electrolysis apparatus having an electrolysis vessel being partitioned into the anode side and the cathode side by the use of a solid oxide electrolyte film as a diaphragm, steam is fed to the above cathode side and a reducing gas is fed to the anode side, and steam electrolysis is carried out at a high temperature, characterized in that the reducing gas and the steam fed to the electrolysis vessel has a temperature of 200 to 500° C. The above temperature range for the reducing gas and the steam fed to the electrolysis vessel has been found to be an optimum temperature range, as a result of taking the heat balance within the vessel into consideration, in a high temperature steam electrolysis apparatus wherein a solid oxide electrolyte film is used, a reducing gas is fed to the anode side and steam is fed to the cathode side, an oxygen ion is allowed to react with said reducing gas on the cathode side, to thereby generate a concentration gradient for an oxygen ion and thus reduce an electrolysis voltage.

A variety of neural stimulation devices are disclosed. The devices comprise an uptake component comprising means for selectively transporting a stimulating species into the device; a release component comprising means for releasing the stimulating species; and means for producing a concentration gradient of a second species. The concentration gradient of the second species provides energy to transport the stimulating species into the device. The stimulating species may be an ion, e.g., a potassium ion, or a neurotransmitter. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the stimulating species is a potassium ion. In a second preferred embodiment the stimulating species is dopamine. In certain embodiments of the invention countertransport across an uptake component comprising a synthetic ABA polymer membrane is achieved using a carboxylic acid crown ether. The gradient of the second species may be provided by means of a chemical reaction that takes place inside the device. The substrate for the chemical reaction is transported into the device from the external environment. In certain embodiments the neural stimulation device comprises light-sensitive elements that comprise light-sensitive proton pumps. The proton pumps translocate protons into the device in response to light, thereby triggering release of the stimulating species. In certain embodiments the neural stimulation device comprises electronic components that receive a signal and send an activating input to the device, thereby triggering release of the stimulating species.

Methods are disclosed for providing a library of composite compositions on a support. The method involves depositing one or more components onto the support on either discrete spaced regions of the support or as a continuous concentration gradients on the surface of the support. The composite samples can be removed from the support by drilling out portions of the coated support so as to yield individual composite tablets containing the support with one or more component layers thereon. By using this method, a vast number of composites can be made and tested simultaneously.

The present invention generally encompasses the control of the release rate of agents from a polymeric matrix. This control over the release rate of agents provides for control over, inter alia, the therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, and ameliorative effects that are realized by a patient in need of such treatment. In addition, the control of the release rate of agents also has an effect upon the mechanical integrity of the polymeric matrix, as well as a relationship to a subject's absorption rate of the absorbable polymers.

The invention discloses a preparation method for gradient coated LiNiO2 for lithium ion battery positive pole material, so as to solve the problem of bad circulating performance of conventional LiNiO2. The molecular formula of the LiNiO2 is LiNi 1-xMxO2, wherein, the x is less than or equal to 0.3 and greater than 0, the M is adulterated metal ions and is one or more selected from magnesium, nickel, Fe, titanium, zinc, Co, manganese, aluminum, Nb and vanadium, the gradient coat refers to that concentration gradient hydroxide coprecipitate provided with nickel and other metallic elements is coated on the surfaces of spherical nickelous hydroxide material, and then the precursor is mixed with lithium-source material and roasted under high temperature in an oxygen atmosphere furnace, so as to obtain high-performance modified LiNiO2. The gradient coated LiNiO2 obtained in the invention has the characteristics of high specific capacity, excellent circulating performance, excellent high-temperature property and the like, and is suitable for the application field of high- capacity lithium ion batteries.

A neural regeneration conduit employing spiral geometry is disclosed. The spiral geometry is produced by rolling a flat sheet into a cylinder. The conduit can contain a multiplicity of functional layers lining the lumen of the conduit, including a confluent layer of adherent Schwann cells. The conduit can produce a neurotrophic agent concentration gradient by virtue of neurotrophic agent-laden microspheres arranged in a nonuniform pattern and embedded in a polymer hydrogen layer lining the lumen of the conduit.

A dressing for promoting healing and pain relief of the body of a living organism having a pathologic condition has at least one layer of conductive material having a resistance no greater than 1000 Ω / cm2. When placed proximate a portion of the body of the living organism suffering from the pathologic condition, the dressing alters the electrodynamic processes occurring in conjunction with said pathologic condition to promote healing and pain relief in the living organism. When used as a wound dressing, the conductive material is placed in contact with tissue around the periphery of the wound and with the wound, lowering the electrical potential and resistance of the wound and increasing the wound current. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductive material is a multi-ply nylon fabric plated with silver by an autocatalytic electroless plating process and with the plies in electrical continuity. The dressing provides an antimicrobial and analgesic effect. The dressing may be provided for numerous applications and may include other layers such as an absorbent layer, a semi-permeable layer and additional layer of conductor material. Multilaminate embodiments of the present invention exhibit conductive material concentration gradients and, potentially, a capacitive effect when sequential conductor layers are insulated by intervening layers.

In a rear surface incidence type CMOS image sensor having a wiring layer 720 on a first surface (front surface) of an epitaxial substrate 710 in which a photodiode, a reading circuit (an n-type region 750 and an n+ type region 760) and the like are disposed, and a light receiving plane in a second surface (rear surface), the photodiode and a P-type well region 740 on the periphery of the photodiode are disposed in a layer structure that does not reach the rear surface (light receiving surface) of the substrate, and an electric field is formed within the substrate 710 to properly lead electrons entering from the rear surface (light receiving surface) of the substrate to the photodiode. The electric field is realized by providing a concentration gradient in a direction of depth of the epitaxial substrate 710. Alternatively, the electric field can be realized by providing a rear-surface electrode 810 or 840 for sending a current.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a positive electrode active material precursor and a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery having a concentration-gradient layer using a batch reactor, and to a positive electrode active material precursor and a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery prepared by the method. The method for preparing a positive electrode active material precursor and a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery having a concentration-gradient layer using a batch reactor involves supplying a predetermined amount of a chelating agent into the batch reactor, and simultaneously supplying transition metals while continuously adjusting the concentration of the transition metals such that the concentration-gradient layer can be formed from a core to a shell of the positive electrode active material in a more economically advantageous and stable manner, and at the same time a positive electrode active material having an elongated lifespan and improved thermal stability can be provided.

Alternate layers of wide band gap and narrow band gaps of different kinds of semiconductors are used to form multiple channels of a FET. The channels are doped or formed as 2-DEG / 2-DHG in narrow band semiconductor by charge supply layer in the wide band gap semiconductor. The different kinds of semiconductors form heterojunctions to confine the electrons / holes in separate thin spikes layers. A number of spikes (3-10 nm thick) of different doped or 2-DEG / 2-DHG concentrations in various channels can result in overall electron concentration gradient such as a 1 / x3 electron / hole concentrations profile. Such an electron / hole concentration gradient can result in a linear variation of drain current with voltage to obtain a wide dynamic range.

A method of cleaning a porous polymeric membrane having a feed side and a permeate side including the steps of introducing a fluid containing a cleaning agent to the permeate side of a membrane allowing the cleaning agent to contact the permeate side of the membrane for a predetermined time, and contact the pores of the membrane, or introducing a fluid containing a cleaning agent to the feed side of a membrane; applying a transmembrane pressure to force the fluid containing the cleaning agent from the feed side to the permeate side of the membrane; allowing the cleaning agent to contact the permeate side of the membrane for a predetermined time, and contact the pores of the membrane. Preferably a concentration gradient between the feed side fluid and the lumen side fluid containing the cleaning agent causes cleaning agent to diffuse into the feed side fluid. Pressure may be applied to the fluid containing a cleaning agent to dislodge, where present, dissolved and undissolved solid from the membrane pores. The pressure may be applied in a pulsed fashion, and can be by way of compressed air at a pressure not more than the membrane's bubble point. The methods of the present invention may be preceded by, or followed with a backwash.

A method for fabricating a compound semiconductor epitaxial structure includes the following steps. Firstly, a first compound epitaxial layer is formed on a substrate. Then, a continuous epitaxial deposition process is performed to form a second compound epitaxial layer on the first compound epitaxial layer, so that the second compound epitaxial layer has a linearly-decreased concentration gradient of metal. Afterwards, a semiconductor material layer is formed on the second compound epitaxial layer.

The invention discloses an all-solid-state lithium battery with a gradient structure and a preparation method thereof. The all-solid-state lithium battery comprises a cathode with a gradient structure layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a metal anode or an anode with a gradient structure layer; the preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing cathode slurries with different component concentrations or particle sizes or molecular weights, coating a collector electrode with the cathode slurries according to the component concentration gradient or particle size gradient or molecular weight gradient to prepare an electrode layer, coating the electrode layer with the solid electrolyte layer, finally attaching the metal anode, or preparing anode slurries with different component concentrations or particle sizes or molecular weights, coating the electrolyte layer with the anode slurries according to an opposite concentration gradient or particle size gradient or molecular weight gradient based on the preparation method of the cathode electrode layer, and finally attaching a collector electrode to obtain the all-solid-state lithium battery with a gradient structure; the preparation method is simple, and the prepared all-solid-state lithium battery is stable in large-rate charge and discharge, and can work normally at large current.