53results about How to "Lower minimum temperature" patented technology

A chemical reaction between molten aluminum and an oxygen carrier such as water to do useful work is disclosed, and in particular two chemical methods to obtain aluminum in its molten state. One is to detonate a HE/Al mixture with surplus Al in stoichiometry, and the other is to use an oxidizer/Al mixture with surplus Al in stoichiometry. Additionally, there is a physical method of shocking and heating Al using high temperature reaction products. The produced Al in its liquid form is forced to react with an oxygen carrying liquid (e.g. water), giving off heat and releasing hydrogen gas or other gaseous material. A water solution of some oxygen-rich chemicals (e.g. ammonium nitrate) can be advantageously used in place of water. A shaped charge is also disclosed having a liner that contains aluminum, propelled by a high explosive such as RDX or its mixture with aluminum powder. Some aluminum in its molten state is projected into the perforation and forced to react with water that also enters the perforation, creating another explosion, fracturing the crushed zone of the perforation and initializing cracks. Another shaped charge is shown having a liner of energetic material such as a mixture of aluminum powder and a metal oxide. Upon detonation, the collapsed liner carries kinetic and thermal energy. Also shown are methods to build and to detonate or fire explosive devices in an oxygen carrying liquid (e.g. water) to perforate and stimulate a hydrocarbon-bearing formation.

A liquid crystal composition that includes a polymerizable compound having a high solubility, a composition obtained by polymerizing the polymerizable compound in the liquid crystal composition, and an AM device including any of the compositions are described. The liquid crystal composition has negative dielectric anisotropy, and includes at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1):

wherein P¹ and P² are polymerizable groups, and, for example, ring A and ring B are independently an adamantane ring or a noradamantane ring, Z¹, Z² and Z³ are a single bond, and a, b and c are 1.

To provide a liquid crystal compound having a high stability to light, a high clearing point, a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, a small viscosity, a suitable optical anisotropy, a large dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and an excellent solubility in other liquid crystal compounds. The invention concerns a compound represented by formula (1), a liquid crystal composition containing the compound and a liquid crystal display device including the composition:

The invention discloses a method for extracting shale oil gas through in-situ catalytic oxidation of oil shale. The method comprises the following steps: (1) drilling a plurality of hot gas injection wells and producing wells till a target oil shale layer; (2) hydrofracturing for artificial fracture forming through vertical well perforation or horizontal well drilling, and during fracture forming, uniformly mixing a propping agent and a catalyst according to a certain volume ratio and pressing a mixture together with a fracturing fluid into underground fractures till a whole fracturing zone is full of the propping agent and the catalyst; (3) injecting hot mixed gas into the oil shale layer through the hot gas injection wells so as to heat the oil shale layer till the temperature of the oil shale layer reaches 200 DEG C; (4) when the temperature of the oil shale layer reaches a certain range, stopping heating the mixed gas and continuing to inflate room-temperature mixed gas into the oil shale layer; and (5) exploiting the shale oil gas, and separating and treating on the ground. By the method, the acting range of the catalyst is widened, the catalytic effect of the catalyst is enhanced, a condition is provided for sufficient reaction of the oil shale, and thus the energy utilization rate of in-situ exploitation of the oil shale is increased and the reaction time is prolonged.

A liquid crystal composition having a nematic phase that includes three components, wherein the first component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (1-1) and (1-2), the second component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds having a group represented by formula (2), and the third component is at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (3-1) and (3-2):

wherein R¹ and R⁴ are each independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which arbitrary hydrogen is replaced by fluorine; ring A is independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, or 2,5-pyrimidine; ring B, ring C, ring D and ring F are each independently 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; ring E is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z¹ is a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy, or difluoromethyleneoxy; X¹ and X² are each independently hydrogen or fluorine; Y is fluorine, chlorine or trifluoromethoxy; n is 1, 2, or 3; and p is 0 or 1.

A liquid crystal composition and an AM LCD device including the same are described. The liquid crystal composition has a negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having a large negative dielectric anisotropy as a first component and a compound having a large optical anisotropy as a second component, and may further contain a specific compound having a high maximum temperature or a small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having a large negative dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, and/or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component.

A liquid crystal compound having high stability to heat, light and so forth, a high clearing point, a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and excellent compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. The compound is represented by formula (1-1):

wherein, for example, R¹ is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 9 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbons; R² is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 9 carbons or alkenyl having 3 to 10 carbons; ring A¹ is 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; ring A² is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z¹ and Z² are single bonds; L¹ and L² are fluorine; and 1 is 0, 1 or 2.

A liquid-crystal composition which satisfies at least one of properties including a high upper-limit temperature for the nematic phase, low lower-limit temperature for the nematic phase, low viscosity, high optical anisotropy, negatively high permittivity anisotropy, high specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet, and high stability to heat or has a proper balance between at least two of those properties. The liquid-crystal composition comprises a first ingredient comprising at least one compound selected among compounds represented by the formulae (1-1) and (1-2) and a second ingredient comprising at least one compound selected among compounds represented by the formula (2) and has negative permittivity anisotropy. For example, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ each is C_1-12 alkyl; Z¹, Z², and Z³ each is a single bond or —(CH₂)₂—; and ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene.

In certain embodiments an all vapor driven absorption heat pump is provided comprising a first heat pump generator comprising a falling film heat exchanger and configured to receive a high temperature vapor and a dilute working medium and to evaporate heat transport material from the dilute working medium; optionally, a second heat pump generator comprising a second falling film heat exchanger configured to receive concentrated working medium and output vapor produced in the first heat pump and to further evaporate the working medium and provide a mid-temperature vapor output and a concentrated working medium; and a heat pump absorber configured to receive a low temperature vapor and the concentrated working medium from the first heat pump generator when the second heat pump generator is absent and to receive said concentrated working medium from the second heat pump generator when the second heat pump generator is present.

A liquid crystal composition and an AM-type liquid crystal display device including the same are described. The liquid crystal composition has a nematic phase, contains a specific compound having a large positive dielectric anisotropy as a first component, and a specific compound having a small viscosity as a second component, and may also contain at least one of a specific compound having a high maximum temperature or a small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having a large positive dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, and a specific compound having a negative dielectric anisotropy as a fifth component.

A liquid crystal composition is described, which has a negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having high stability to ultraviolet light as a first component, and may further contain a specific compound having a large negative dielectric anisotropy as a second component, a specific compound having a high maximum temperature or a small viscosity as a third component, and a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component. An AM liquid crystal display device is also described, including the liquid crystal composition.

The invention discloses a method for freezing a high-gradient heterogeneous freezing wall. The mixed freezing mode of "salt water + liquid nitrogen" is adopted, and a freezing pipe is arranged at the place where the soil around the shaft needs to be frozen, and a brine freezing pipe is arranged inside the freezing wall. , and a liquid nitrogen freezing tube is arranged on the periphery. The liquid nitrogen freezing tubes are arranged in one row, and the brine freezing tubes are arranged in at least one row, and each row is arranged in a circular shape. When there are two or more rows of brine freezing pipes, the diameter of the ring in the innermost row should ensure that the temperature of the well side during excavation is not higher than the ideal value that is conducive to the stability of the well side; the brine temperature setting of the brine freezing pipes should ensure that It can form a temperature field that gradually decreases from the inside to the outside. The temperature field formed by the freezing tube layout method of the present invention has obvious high gradient non-uniformity. Compared with conventional brine freezing, under the same load conditions, the thickness of the frozen wall formed by this pipe layout is small but has a higher bearing capacity, which will reduce the amount of frost heaving and thawing, and reduce the amount of engineering work for freezing holes , The freezing period is shortened.

The subject is to provide a liquid crystal composition that satisfies at least one characteristic among the characteristics such as a high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, a low minimum temperature of a nematic phase, a small viscosity, a large optical anisotropy, a large dielectric anisotropy, a large specific resistance, a high stability to ultraviolet light and a high stability to heat, or that is suitably balanced regarding at least the two characteristics. It is to provide an AM device that has a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, a large contrast ratio, a long service life and so forth.

Means for Solving the Subject

The invention provides a nematic liquid crystal composition that include a specific optically active compound as a first component and a specific compound having a positively large dielectric anisotropy as a second component, and that may include a specific compound having a high maximum temperature or a small viscosity as a third component, and a specific compound having a small minimum temperature and a positively large dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, and provides a liquid crystal display device including this composition.

To provide a liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light and heat, or having a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics; and an AM device having characteristics such as short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and long service life. The composition has negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having large negative dielectric anisotropy as a first component, a specific compound having small viscosity as a second component, and may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having negative dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component.

Provided is a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one of physical properties such as high stability to heat, light or the like, a high clearing point, low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy and large dielectric anisotropy, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition.

A compound is represented by formula (1).

In formula (1), for example,

• • R¹ is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons;
  • ring A¹, ring A² and ring A³ are independently

in which, X¹ and X² are independently —O— or —CH₂—;

• • Y¹ is fluorine, —CF₃ or —OCF₃;
  • Z¹ and Z³ are independently a single bond, —CF₂O— or —COO—;
  • Z² is a single bond, —CF₂O— or —COO—;
  • L¹ and L² are independently hydrogen or halogen;
  • a is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and
  • n¹ and n² are independently 0, 1 or 2.

The invention discloses a full-scale testing method for pressure bearing capacity and ductile-brittle transition behaviors of a gas transmission steel pipe at low temperature. The method comprises thefollowing steps: a defect is preformed in the surface of a test steel pipe, plugs are welded at two ends of the steel pipe, and the pressure bearing capacity of the defective steel pipe at low temperature is tested; the steel pipe is placed in a pipe trench, and the plugs at two ends of the steel pipe are anchored by reinforced concrete for constructing a test pipeline; measuring devices such asa strain gauge, a clip gauge and a surface temperature sensor are mounted on the steel pipe; low temperature control of the whole test steel pipe is realized by filling the body of the test steel pipewith liquid nitrogen and an alcohol cooling liquid; after the test steel pipe is filled with the low-temperature liquid, bursting pressure is reached by injecting nitrogen, and a fracture resistancecurve and ductile-brittle transition temperature of the steel pipe are analyzed and determined by acquiring information of pipe internal pressure, pipe body wall temperature, pipe body strain, openingamount of crack mouth at a preformed crack and video data. The method is economical, simple, easy to operate and safer, and can realize precise temperature control.

The invention relates to a method and device for concentrating and coupled-drying a catalyst in quenched wastewater in the process of using methanol to prepare olefin, and provides the method for concentrating and coupled-drying the catalyst in quenched wastewater in the process of using methanol to prepare olefin. The method comprises the following steps of: carrying out concentrating treatment on the quenched wastewater containing catalyst in the process of using the methanol to prepare olefin to obtain a concentrated phase of the catalyst; and drying the concentrated phase of the catalyst and recovering the catalyst in a solid form, wherein a self-returning blade drying machine is adopted for drying. The invention also provides a device for concentrating and coupled-drying a catalyst in quenched wastewater in the process of using methanol to prepare olefin.

To provide a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one physical property such as high stability to light, a high clearing point, low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, large dielectric constant in a minor-axis direction, suitable elastic constant, excellent compatibility, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. The compound is represented by formula (1):

wherein, for example, R¹ is alkyl having 1 to 15 carbons, rings A¹ to A⁴ are 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene, at least one of Z¹ to Z⁵ is —CF₂O—, and X¹ is fluorine or —OCF₃;

• • W¹ is a group represented by formula (1a) or (1b);

Shown is a liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy and small frequency dependence, or has a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics, and an AM device including the composition. The liquid crystal composition contains a specific compound having large positive dielectric anisotropy as a first component, and a specific compound having small viscosity as a second component, and may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having positive dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component or a specific compound having negative dielectric anisotropy as a fifth component.

An internal combustion engine crankcase lubricating oil composition is disclosed. The crankcase lubricating oil composition has a TBN no greater than 6 and contains the following additives: (B1) a metal detergent system having a metal ratio no greater than 3, as the sole detergent system; (B2) an organic ashless friction modifier; (B3) an oil-soluble molybdenum friction modifier; and (B4) a metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate.