The invention relates to a double-cylinder rotary compressor. The rotary compressor comprises an outer air cylinder, an ellipse rotor, and an inner air cylinder which are concentrically installed, wherein an inner short shaft of the ellipse rotor is equal to the outer diameter of the inner air cylinder, and an outer long shaft of the ellipse rotor is equal to the inner diameter of the outer air cylinder; the external surface of the ellipse rotor and the inner wall surface of the outer air cylinder are tangent at any kinetic instant, the internal surface of the ellipse rotor and the outer side wall of the inner air cylinder are tangent, the inner air cylinder and the outer air cylinder are respectively provided with two pairs of slip sheets; the inner air cylinder is provided with two pairs of air inlet cavities and exhaust cavities; crescent volume is divided into two pairs of air inlet (liquid) cavities and compressing, exhaust (liquid) cavities by the inner air cylinder and the outer air cylinder so as to form four pairs of corresponding working volumes; and the inner air cylinder and the outer air cylinder are respectively provided with four pairs of air inlet ports and exhaust (liquid) ports. The double-cylinder rotary compressor provided by the invention has the advantages of high efficiency, no vibration, small volume, uniform stressing of a main shaft, small gas pulsation, simple structure, is stable in operation, and eliminates unbalanced force caused by rotation; and the double-cylinder rotary compressor can be used in different gas compressors, fluid pumps and vacuum pumps.