77 results about "3D projection" patented technology

The invention discloses an unmanned aerial vehicle inspection method and system applied to foundation pit accumulated water monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: determining an optimal route node sequence, and generating an unmanned aerial vehicle control instruction set; acquiring internal and external parameters of a multi-source sensor, and performing time alignment compensation on image frames and sensor data; acquiring a ponding area image coordinate set and attribute data; a three-dimensional projection point set of the ponding area is obtained, and the real coverage area of the ponding area is calculated; generating a three-dimensional overview map of the foundation pit by using the multi-view image of the foundation pit area; determining a three-dimensional coordinate point set and an area estimation result of the ponding area; and projecting the three-dimensional coordinate point set of the ponding area to the three-dimensional overview map of the foundation pit to generate a hidden danger monitoring report. By integrating the unmanned aerial vehicle, the sensor data and the advanced image processing technology, the accuracy, stability and visualization effect of foundation pit accumulated water monitoring are greatly improved, more reliable and comprehensive technical support is provided for safety management of foundation pit engineering, and the safety risk in the construction process is remarkably reduced.

The invention discloses a blood vessel three-dimensional reconstruction method and device based on a multi-view angiography image, computer equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the field of blood vessel simulation, and the method comprises the following steps: firstly, selecting a key frame from a multi-angle angiography sequence, carrying out high-precision blood vessel tree segmentation, and determining a reference image; secondly, constructing a three-dimensional projection cone by extracting projection parameters, taking an intersection of the three-dimensional projection cone and discretizing the intersection, iteratively screening by using a reference image and other visual angle information, and precisely defining a blood vessel tree spatial domain; the three-dimensional model reconstruction method is characterized in that a spatial dispersion and traversal projection thought is introduced, so that the calculation complexity is not remarkably improved when the number of visual angles is increased, and the limitation of the number of visual angles in traditional multi-visual-angle reconstruction is broken through; the method has the advantages of high precision and high expansibility, and can meet the harsh requirements of hemodynamic simulation and other high-end clinical applications on the precision of the blood vessel model.

A retrieval method for an open-vocabulary 3D target, a device and a storage medium are provided. The method includes: inputting text description information of a target object and an image sequence of a real scene into an open-vocabulary 3D target retrieval model. The retrieval model includes an LLM, an open-vocabulary 2D detection and segmentation model, an object filtering module and a 3D projection module. The LLM is used to enhance the text description information to obtain names of a plurality of candidate objects of the target object. The open-vocabulary 2D detection and segmentation model is used to detect and segment according to the names of the candidate objects, to obtain 2D segmentation masks of the plurality of candidate objects. The object filtering module is used to determine the target object from the candidate objects according to the text description information and a 2D segmentation mask of each candidate object.

The invention relates to a three-dimensional projection deformation measurement and error compensation method based on a single camera, and the method comprises the steps: collecting a plurality of projection images at multiple moments through a single camera, and recording an image intensity value at each pixel coordinate in each projection image at each moment; inputting the image intensity value into a pre-trained deep learning model, and outputting three-dimensional height prediction of a corresponding pixel coordinate at a corresponding moment; performing correlation search based on the image intensity values of the pixel coordinates in each projection image at the reference moment and the deformation moment to obtain an optimal pixel displacement component; based on the three-dimensional height prediction of each pixel coordinate at the reference moment and the deformation moment, constructing an image surface displacement vector at the deformation moment by using the optimal pixel displacement component, calculating a three-dimensional displacement field at the deformation moment based on the image surface displacement vector at the deformation moment, and then performing three-dimensional strain field calculation; and finally, an efficient and robust closed-loop process is formed through error compensation, and measurement and compensation of three-dimensional deformation in a single-camera scene are realized.

The invention relates to a cultural and creative product design display method and system based on augmented reality, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining design drawings of cultural and creative products, determining the projection relation between the design drawings according to the projection relation of the design drawings, and generating a three-dimensional projection model of the cultural and creative products for displaying the cultural and creative products in a display region; in the process of user-oriented display, the visual angle of the user is used as a rendering target of the three-dimensional projection model, so that the three-dimensional projection model is rendered only within the visual angle of the user. The immersive cultural and creative product display experience is provided for the user, the three-dimensional projection model of the cultural and creative product can be viewed from any angle, and the cognition and interest of the user on the product are greatly improved.

The utility model provides a hydrological change and ecological response simulation analyzer, which relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering and comprises a main body, a groove is arranged at the top of the main body, a two-dimensional display screen is arranged in the groove, a three-dimensional projection is arranged on the inner side of the groove, loudspeakers are arranged on two sides of the groove, and a control button is arranged on one side of the groove. A clamping groove is formed in one side of the control button, a data display screen is arranged on the other side of the clamping groove, a soil analysis opening is formed in one side of the main body, a water quality analysis opening is formed in the other side of the main body, a two-dimensional display screen, a three-dimensional projection device and a loudspeaker are adopted, two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization, animation demonstration, dubbing of the loudspeaker and the like are achieved, the visualization effect is improved, and the water quality is improved. The user interface design is optimized, the interaction function is added, and the user experience is improved.

The invention discloses an intelligent ship 360-degree horizontal panoramic image stitching method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring all sequence frame images corresponding to each camera video according to a camera array, and traversing each pixel point in a corresponding initial stitching panoramic image by constructing a panoramic image hash mapping function according to a set panoramic image width to obtain a panoramic image sequence; performing projection processing on each pixel point in the cylindrical coordinate system to obtain a three-dimensional projection coordinate point, projecting the camera internal reference to an image pixel coordinate system to obtain an image pixel point, and determining a pixel contribution weight of the camera in an image area in the corresponding panorama based on the image pixel point; according to the pixel contribution weight and the three-dimensional projection coordinate point, a hash key value pair is inserted in combination with a panorama hash mapping function so as to fill panorama pixels, and a horizontal panorama of the corresponding sequence frame is acquired; according to the invention, the problems of insufficient resolution, dynamic adaptability, real-time performance, maritime environment applicability, intelligent navigation information perception capability and the like of the existing panoramic splicing scheme are solved.

The application relates to a construction lofting method and system, a storage medium and an intelligent terminal, and relates to the field of building construction, which comprises the following steps: acquiring current construction progress information and modification adjustment information; judging whether the modification adjustment information exists; if yes, obtaining modification construction scheme information; obtaining a mapping relationship of three-dimensional projection information and projector coordinate information; obtaining constructed projection information and unconstructed projection information; acquiring projection result image information; judging whether the current construction progress information in the projection result image information and the constructed projection information coincide; if yes, only projecting the unconstructed projection information after removing the constructed projection information; if not, adjusting the constructed projection information into an alarm and projecting the alarm together with the unconstructed projection information; and if not, projecting according to the projection result image information. The application has the advantages that the user can continue construction according to the projection, and the intelligence and humanization of the projection are improved.

A method for encoding a 360-degree image, a method for decoding a 360-degree image, and a method for transmitting a bitstream generated by the method for encoding the 360-degree image are disclosed. The method for decoding a 360-degree image includes: receiving a bitstream in which the 360-degree image is encoded, the bitstream including data of an extended two-dimensional image, the extended two-dimensional image including a two-dimensional image and a predetermined extended region, and the two-dimensional image being projected from an image having a three-dimensional projection structure and including one or more surfaces; generating a prediction image by performing a prediction based on prediction information included in the bitstream; and reconstructing the extended two-dimensional image based on the prediction image and a residual image.

The application provides a positioning adjustment method, device and equipment of a track plate and a readable storage medium, relates to the technical field of measurement and control, and comprises the following steps: obtaining three-dimensional design coordinates of all measuring devices; establishing a plane equation based on the three-dimensional design coordinates; obtaining three-dimensional measurement coordinates of all measuring devices; determining elevation adjustment amounts of all measuring devices; calculating three-dimensional projection coordinates of all measuring devices; determining lateral adjustment amounts and longitudinal adjustment amounts of all measuring devices based on the three-dimensional projection coordinates and the three-dimensional design coordinates; and adjusting the position of a target track plate based on the elevation adjustment amounts, the lateral adjustment amounts and the longitudinal adjustment amounts of all measuring devices. The application can accurately obtain the position deviation of the current position relative to the plate plane by establishing the plate plane equation, calculating the deviation between the measurement position coordinates and the design coordinates to the directions parallel to the plate plane and perpendicular to the plate plane, and quickly and accurately adjusting the track plate to the design position by using the fine adjustment mechanism.

This invention discloses a method, apparatus, and device for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) of a mobile robot. The method involves acquiring depth information, LiDAR scanning information, and odometry information of the robot's environment; performing 3D projection on sparse point cloud data to obtain 2D information of the robot's environment; performing spatiotemporal synchronization processing on the 2D information, LiDAR scanning information, and odometry information; establishing pose nodes using the spatiotemporally synchronized 2D information, LiDAR scanning information, and odometry information; performing point cloud registration on the spatiotemporally synchronized 2D information and LiDAR scanning information using an iterative nearest point method; optimizing the pose nodes in real time using a second iterative nearest point method; and drawing a map based on the optimized pose nodes and pose transformation matrix; and completing loop closure screening using a third iterative nearest point method, with the selected loops used for loop closure detection. This invention can simultaneously leverage the advantages of LiDAR and visual sensors in unknown and complex environments.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional scene fusion monitoring method and device, equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a real-time frame image, and matching feature points of the real-time frame image with feature points in a preset three-dimensional real scene to obtain an initial camera pose; generating a plurality of adjacent view angle images based on the initial camera pose, and performing similarity matching on the adjacent view angle images and the real-time frame image to obtain an accurate camera pose; determining a geometric intersection area according to the accurate camera pose, and mapping the real-time frame image to the geometric intersection area to obtain a live-action three-dimensional projection; splicing and fusing the live-action three-dimensional monitoring projection of each unmanned aerial vehicle to obtain live-action three-dimensional monitoring; according to the method, the pose of the unmanned aerial vehicle is determined according to the feature matching result of the real-time frame image and the high-precision preset three-dimensional real scene instead of a sensor of the unmanned aerial vehicle, and the pose of the adjacent view angle image with the highest similarity is used as the pose of the unmanned aerial vehicle for projection, so that high-precision superposition of positions is ensured, and a better three-dimensional real scene monitoring effect is obtained.

The invention relates to the technical field of power transmission line construction safety monitoring and computer vision digital twinning, in particular to a power transmission line construction personnel mistaken entry prevention visual early warning system which comprises a data acquisition and reference reconstruction step: generating a reference three-dimensional projection image and a reference depth map which are consistent in camera visual angle and free of personnel interference; a real difference extraction step: generating a real-time monitoring difference feature map containing unexpected changes; a theoretical simulation deduction step: generating a simulation intrusion feature map representing a human body intrusion form; a feature coupling judgment step: when the spatial coincidence degree is greater than a preset spatial consistency threshold value, judging that a real person mistaken entering behavior exists and triggering an alarm signal; if the spatial coincidence degree is smaller than or equal to a spatial consistency threshold value, determining that the noise is environmental noise and keeping a current monitoring state; the technical problem that traditional static background modeling cannot adapt to frequent change of a construction site scene is solved, false alarm caused by normal construction activities is avoided, and monitoring pertinence is guaranteed.

The application relates to the technical field of image processing, and provides a detection method and system for wrist arm positioning marks based on image processing, which solve the problems of high contour detection error rate caused by insufficient inhibition of environmental interference and false detection caused by parameter solidification. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring wrist arm operation parameters to generate a space constraint model; collecting visible light band and infrared band images of wrist arm positioning marks to generate multispectral enhanced images through fusion; based on the reflection characteristics of the positioning marks, combining weight distribution and feature aggregation of the space constraint model, acquiring an initial contour point set of the positioning marks and performing three-dimensional projection correction to generate a topological structure matched with the spatial posture of the wrist arm; and based on the verification result of the geometric distribution boundary of the topological structure and the space constraint model, generating the final detection coordinates of the positioning marks of the wrist arm. The application solves the problem of detection precision decline caused by complex environmental interference and mechanical deformation, and improves the robustness and accuracy of the positioning marks of the high-speed rail catenary wrist arm.

The invention provides a multi-modal data space alignment method and a roadside sensing system, and belongs to the technical field of data processing. Acquiring time-synchronized image data, initial point cloud data and at least one frame of candidate point cloud data adjacent to the initial point cloud data in time, wherein the point cloud data is marked with a three-dimensional data frame of at least one target object in advance; projecting the three-dimensional data frame to an imaging plane of a camera based on a pre-calibrated internal and external parameter matrix to obtain first three-dimensional projection frame data and a plurality of second three-dimensional projection frame data corresponding to each target object; and adjusting the first three-dimensional projection frame data according to a matching result of the first three-dimensional projection frame data and the image data and a matching result of each second three-dimensional projection frame data and the image data, and adjusting the initial point cloud data according to the adjusted first three-dimensional projection frame data. According to the method and the device, dual alignment of the multi-modal data in time and space can be achieved, so that the effect that the multi-modal data synchronously shows the same physical scene is achieved.

The invention provides a system for providing three-dimensional projection images for passengers in the rear row of a vehicle. The system comprises a first projector; a second projector; a horizontal curtain; a vertical curtain; the in-vehicle camera is configured to identify viewpoint coordinates of passengers in the back row; the control equipment is configured to determine distance parameters from the viewpoint positions of the passengers in the back row to the edges of the horizontal curtain and the vertical curtain based on the viewpoint coordinates; adjusting projection content assigned to the first projector and the second projector based on the distance parameter; and controlling the first projector to project the projection content allocated to the first projector onto the horizontal curtain, and controlling the second projector to project the projection content allocated to the second projector onto the vertical curtain, thereby realizing double-folding-curtain projection picture fusion. In addition, the invention further provides a method for providing three-dimensional projection images for passengers in the back row of the vehicle. According to the invention, 3D immersive projection images can be provided for passengers in the back row, so that the user experience is remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a vehicle, personnel and ship real-time three-dimensional projection system based on unmanned aerial vehicle visual identification, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining an optimal visual identification model through a visual identification module, achieving the multi-target identification, and obtaining an identification result; target space positioning is carried out through a space positioning module according to the recognition result and GNSS data, target trajectory tracking is achieved in combination with a Kalman filtering algorithm, and a real-time space positioning result is obtained; and acquiring a target three-dimensional position through a three-dimensional projection rendering module according to the recognition result, the real-time space positioning result and the unmanned aerial vehicle attitude angle data, and realizing real-time three-dimensional projection display according to the target three-dimensional position and the target type by adopting an instantiation rendering technology. According to the invention, the problems of low multi-target joint recognition precision, contradiction between positioning precision and real-time performance and weak cross-scene adaptability in the prior art are solved, and the problem that the recognition / positioning precision and efficiency of multiple targets in a complex scene cannot be effectively realized is solved.

This invention relates to the field of building materials and precast concrete component manufacturing technology, and discloses an integrated process for precise positioning and centrifugal compaction of steel reinforcement skeletons for non-prestressed cement poles. It aims to solve the problems of existing centrifugal processes lacking dynamic feedback, failing to effectively correct mid-span deflection of the steel reinforcement skeleton, and being prone to mechanical resonance and uneven pipe wall compaction due to the solidification operation mode. The process uses laser to acquire three-dimensional projection data of the skeleton, driving the support mechanism to apply an upward compensating force for centering and mold closing verification. During the centrifugation stage, the motor current and machine base vibration frequency are monitored to dynamically adjust the speed, phase, and acceleration, achieving adaptive material uniformity and traversing the resonance zone. Simultaneously, the slope of the motor power load change is monitored to determine the compaction degree, and the opening angle of the slurry discharge valve is synchronously adjusted according to the controlled deceleration gradient. This achieves physical centering of the skeleton before mold closing, constructs a dynamic centrifugal closed loop based on dynamic feedback, quantifies the compaction benchmark, and smoothly releases pressure.

The invention discloses a bitcoin intelligent contract construction and control block generation method based on a multi-path script, particularly relates to the field of intelligent contracts, is used for solving the problem of conversion from plane information to a three-dimensional concrete interactive reading interface, and comprises the following steps: converting a plane material into a structure with coordinates and connecting edges through cooperation of semantic fragmentation and three-dimensional projection; evidence anchor points are in one-to-one correspondence with terms and states through path registration along a script tree, interactive grammar is linked in a single vision field to present a causal link, consistency self-inspection alignment results are performed, source indexes are precipitated, and semantic boundaries and path trends are corrected according to incremental remapping. A monitoring interface keeps clear semantic order and stable evidence alignment under a complex branch, abnormity positioning is more visual, rechecking has traceability and versioning management, and three-dimensional concrete reading is a judgment mechanism capable of being executed repeatedly.

Disclosed in the present invention is an optical quasi-three-dimensional space converter, which is capable of converting a three-dimensional space into a large number of position-fixed two-dimensional real images having different object-image distance-related parameters. The optical quasi-three-dimensional space converter comprises a variable-focus telephoto lens, a short-focus micro-lens array and an object-image distance-related parameter adjuster; one of two lenses is used for receiving light from an object side to form an intermediate image, and the other is used for converting the intermediate image into a virtual image or a real image in a three-dimensional space; an intermediate image horizontal flipper performs left-to-right flipping on the intermediate image in a horizontal direction for real-image space conversion; and the object-image distance-related parameter adjuster is used for adjusting the focal length of the variable-focus telephoto lens, the focal length of the short-focus micro-lens array, the focal length of a camera lens, and relative positions between the lenses. The optical quasi-three-dimensional space converter in the present invention can be used for wide-field-of-view three-dimensional photographic cameras, wide-field-of-view three-dimensional projectors for naked-eye observation, three-dimensional optical processing machines, artificial eyes, etc.

The invention relates to a laminated structure multi-partition electric heating composite material skin and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the laminated structure multi-partition electric heating composite material skin comprises the steps that a layer of resin film is laid on the surface of a heating assembly, the resin film adopts a resin system the same as that of the skin, vacuum prepressing is conducted for 10-60 min at the temperature of 60-80 DEG C, and a heating film is obtained; the heating films of all the partitions are laid and pre-compacted on different side faces of a layer of standard prepreg, and an integrated multi-partition prefabricated heating layer with the determined position relation is formed; wave-transparent bearing skin prepreg, the prefabricated heating layer and outer-layer wave-transparent skin prepreg are laid on a mold in sequence, co-curing is conducted through a vacuum bag-autoclave system, and the overall skin structure is formed. The technical problems that in the prior art, three-dimensional projection positioning is not accurate, the relative positions of heating partitions are not accurate due to the fact that accumulated errors of layer-by-layer paving are large, gaps or overlapping exist in heating covering, and molded surfaces protrude due to electrode overlapping can be solved.

A data pair generation method, a medical image imaging method, and a medical imaging system are disclosed. An example method includes receiving a raw three-dimensional projection data set, wherein the raw three-dimensional projection data set is obtained by scanning an object using a medical imaging system; performing multiplication on the raw three-dimensional projection data set in at least one dimension to obtain a multiplied projection data set having a higher resolution relative to the raw three-dimensional projection data set; splitting the multiplied projection data set in the at least one dimension into a first projection data subset and a second projection data subset; and generating at least one imaging data pair based on the first projection data subset and the second projection data subset, the imaging data pair including an imaging data pair formed on the basis of the first projection data subset and the second projection data subset.

The invention discloses an aircraft panel rivet quality detection method and system, a medium and a product, and the method comprises the steps: a monocular motion camera collects a plurality of aircraft panel images of a to-be-detected aircraft section panel at a plurality of equidistant positions, and carries out the distortion correction of each aircraft panel image; acquiring first coordinate information and corresponding identification parameters of each rivet point and each rivet hole in an adjacent corrected image coordinate system, and acquiring second coordinate information of each rivet point and each rivet hole to construct a first point cloud set based on an objective function which is constructed through a beam adjustment method and is used for realizing reprojection error minimization; and performing matching analysis with a second point cloud set generated by a pre-constructed aircraft panel digital model to obtain second abnormal coordinate information of abnormal rivet points and rivet holes, converting the second abnormal coordinate information into third coordinate information in a three-dimensional projector coordinate system, and performing projection marking through a three-dimensional projector. According to the scheme, the detection efficiency and accuracy of abnormal rivet points and rivet holes on the aircraft panel are improved.

Provided is a holographic light gate system, method, and device for detecting an obstruction. The system include a laser transmitter that generates laser light, a light projection device that forms a 3D projective surface from the laser light, and a receiver that receives reflected laser light that is reflected off of the obstruction.

The invention relates to an automatic three-dimensional scene generation method and device based on two-dimensional CAD, a medium and equipment. The method comprises the following steps: extracting an instance of each symbol in a CAD vector diagram, and the category, geometric information and position information of each instance; according to the category and geometric information of each instance, searching the prior three-dimensional model to obtain a reference three-dimensional model of each instance, and extracting a three-dimensional projection mask graph of the reference three-dimensional model; obtaining a two-dimensional projection mask graph of each instance, and determining direction information of each instance according to the two-dimensional projection mask graph and the three-dimensional projection mask graph of each instance; and constructing a three-dimensional scene according to the reference three-dimensional model, the position information and the direction information of each instance. The problems that in the prior art, efficiency, precision, large scale and automation are insufficient, CAD drawing semantics cannot be automatically recognized, three-dimensional space poses cannot be automatically estimated, and direct butt joint with a three-dimensional modeling platform cannot be achieved are solved.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional scene object identification method based on display precision, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining a viewpoint parameter of a current three-dimensional scene, and determining a display precision state of current three-dimensional space data based on the viewpoint parameter and a preset precision grading strategy; calculating a model precision deviation parameter for quantifying the geometric simplification degree of the current model according to the display precision state; based on the model precision deviation parameter, dynamically determining a space determination parameter for three-dimensional space object identification; responding to a user interaction operation, obtaining a corresponding screen coordinate and mapping the screen coordinate to the three-dimensional projection space; taking the mapped projection position as a center, constructing an effective judgment area according to the dynamic space judgment parameters, judging the three-dimensional space object in the effective judgment area, and determining a target object; based on the identification information of the target object, triggering and executing an interaction processing operation associated with the target object; the method has stability and practicability in a complex large-scale scene.

The application discloses a power transmission line defect space positioning method, system, device, medium and product, and is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps: acquiring measurement distance data of a camera assembly and a power transmission line, image data and pose data of the power transmission line; performing space registration on the image data and the pose data to obtain target image data, inputting the target image data into a preset defect detection model to obtain a plurality of defect detection boxes; extracting pixel coordinate information of each defect detection box, performing three-dimensional projection on each pixel coordinate information to obtain initial three-dimensional coordinates of a power transmission line defect in a camera coordinate system, correcting the initial three-dimensional coordinates to obtain target three-dimensional coordinates of the power transmission line defect, and performing coordinate transformation on the target three-dimensional coordinates by using a coordinate transformation matrix to obtain space positioning coordinates corresponding to the power transmission line defect. The application can improve the space positioning precision of the power transmission line defect in a complex inspection environment.

An image processing device is configured to generate a three-dimensional bird's eye view image by projecting captured images acquired from a plurality of imaging devices onto a three-dimensional projection surface, and includes: an acquiring part configured to acquire position information of a first area, on which an object is to be placed, in a three-dimensional space; a conversion part configured to convert the position information of the first area into position information in accordance with the three-dimensional projection surface; and an output part configured to output the three-dimensional bird's eye view image, on which the object is to be placed on a second area in the three-dimensional space, the second area being specified by the converted position information. By this means, when the three-dimensional bird's eye view image is generated from multiple images, it is possible to display the object naturally in the three-dimensional bird's eye view image.

The invention discloses a high-voltage cable partial discharge fault accurate positioning method and system based on feature space topology mapping. The method comprises the following steps: synchronously acquiring three-phase high-frequency current signals through a high-frequency current sensor array; filtering and de-noising the signal; extracting a four-dimensional feature vector formed by the amplitude ratio, the polarity combination, the phase difference and the energy distribution; mapping the feature vector to a four-dimensional hyperspherical feature space and constructing a topological manifold; calculating a surrounding number as a topology invariant, and establishing a bijection mapping relation between the surrounding number and a physical position to realize accurate positioning; when the matching degree is insufficient, starting an auxiliary criterion based on time delay and attenuation characteristics to carry out secondary distinguishing; and the fault position is visualized through three-dimensional projection. According to the invention, the high-precision positioning of the partial discharge position of the high-voltage cable can be realized, and the robustness and diagnosis efficiency in a complex scene are effectively improved.

A method for encoding and decoding a 360-degree image and transmitting a bitstream is disclosed. The decoding method includes: receiving a bitstream comprising data of an extended two-dimensional image, the extended two-dimensional image comprising a two-dimensional image and a predetermined extended region, the two-dimensional image being projected from an image having a three-dimensional projection structure and comprising one or more faces; generating a predicted image; and reconstructing the extended two-dimensional image based on the predicted image and a residual image. The size of the extended region is determined based on first width information and second width information. This information is obtained based on the existence of the extended region. The existence of the extended region is determined by marker information. The sample values ​​of the extended region are determined by horizontally replicating the sample values ​​of the faces using a padding method. The number of syntax elements is determined based on different projection formats, including ERP and CMP formats. The padding method is determined independently for each face, and the size information is limited to an even number of luminance samples indicated according to a color format.