The invention discloses an air dust detection instrument, which comprises a detection air flow passage, an air inlet opening, an exhaust opening, a laser emitter and a light collector, wherein the air inlet opening and an exhaust opening are formed at the two sides of the detection air flow passage, the laser emitter and the light collector are relatively arranged at the head end and the tail end of the detection air flow passage, and the laser emitting end of the laser emitter and the scattering light emergent end of the light collector are respectively provided with mutually vertical polaroids. The air dust detection instrument has the advantages that the carrying is convenient, the use is easy, the principle is simple, and the like. The length of the laser passing through the detection air flow is increased, and the dust detection sensitivity is improved. In addition, the data of the detection instrument is processed by PC (personnel computer) software, so the data processing is more accurate and stronger, the real-time test data can be obtained, the continuous dust concentration change curve can be obtained, the dust concentration early warning parameters can also be conveniently set, the real-time monitoring and the early warning processing can be carried out on the air dust concentration, and the air dust detection instrument belongs to a simple and portable air dust detection instrument with great popularization values.